diff --git a/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres.ipynb b/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres.ipynb
index b29b2c4463deb530c165034d24d75d1bc2d34669..d0803a021bd1daa3e478cc11f1da66fcc73f8b58 100644
--- a/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres.ipynb
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"cells":[{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"# 4. Les fonctions avec paramètres\n\nDans cette leçon, nous allons approfondir le concept de la fonction. Dans la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples, nous avons vu la fonction comme une façon de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions. Ici nous allons voir comment nous pouvons ajouter un ou plusieurs paramètres à une fonction. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- l'expression `def rect(d, e):` permet de définir une fonction avec deux paramètres,\n- les paramètres `d, e` sont des variables locales valides uniquement à l'intérieur de la définition de fonction,\n- ces paramètres prennent une valeur au moment de l'appel  de la fonction avec `rect(50, 30)`.\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nEn Python, `def` est un raccourci pour\n\nA) défoncé\nB) défilé\nC) définition\nD) défavorisé\n```"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary>  \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) définition\n</div>\n</details>"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Paramétrer une fonction\n\nJusqu'à maintenant, notre rectangle était d'une taille fixe. La fonction `rectangle()` de la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples \n```python \ndef rectangle():\n    forward(160)\n    left(90)\n    forward(100)\n    left(90)\n    forward(160)\n    left(90)\n    forward(100)\n    left(90)\n```\n dessine toujours un rectangle de 160 x 100 pixels. Il faudrait faire une nouvelle fonction `rectangle2()` si on voulait dessiner une taille différente.\n\nIl serait très utile de disposer d'une fonction de la forme `rectangle(d, e)` qui puisse dessiner des rectangles de largeur et hauteur variable.\nC'est possible en spécifiant des **paramètres** pour la fonction.\nUn paramètre de fonction est une **variable locale** qui peut être utilisée dans sa définition.\n\nLors de l'appel de la fonction, nous donnons des valeurs à la fonction.\nCes valeurs sont les **arguments** de la fonction.\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nComplétez le programme ci-dessous afin de dessiner un deuxième rectangle avec d'autres dimensions.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e):    # paramètres (d, e)\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d/2)\n        write(d)\n        forward(d/2)\n        left(90)\n\n        forward(e/2)\n        write(e)\n        forward(e/2)\n        left(90)\n\nrectangle(160, 100)      # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()","execution_count":8,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_93ce3bcc25b4400ead42d02a93a96604_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"0\" style=\"stroke: black;stroke-width: 1\"><animate id=\"af_93ce3bcc25b4400ead42d02a93a96604_2\" attributename=\"x2\" attributetype=\"XML\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\" 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dur=\" 0.083s\" fill=\"freeze\"></animateTransform></polygon></g></svg>"},"metadata":{}}]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### Exemples de fonctions avec des paramétres\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"**Exemple 1 : Le Losange**\n\nEssayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef losange(d, a):      # paramètres (d=distance, a=angle)\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d)\n        left(a)\n        write(a)\n\n        forward(d)\n        left(180-a)\n        write(180-a)\n\nlosange(100, 60)            # distance=100, angle=60\nlosange(140, 100)           # distance=140, angle=100\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"On remarque que la fonction `losange(a, angle)`, définie ci-dessus, a comme paramètre la longueur et le premier angle. Le deuxième angle du losange est calculé."},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"**Exemple 2 : Le polygone**\n\nEssayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef polygone(d, n):     # paramètres (d, n)\n    for i in range(n):\n        forward(d)\n        left(360/n)\n        write(360/n)\n\npolygone(100, 3)    # triangle\npolygone(100, 4)    # carré\npolygone(100, 5)    # pentagon\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":9,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_d5f4eb155c9243eaaa6bc2a7224092b8_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"><line x1=\"0\" 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que la fonction `polygone(d, n)` a comme paramètre la distance d'un côté et le nombre de sommets.\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Retour à la maison...\n\nRevenons à l'exemple d'une fonction qui dessine une maison.\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nComplétez le programme afin qu'il dessine une troisième maison de taille 100.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef maison(d):\n    dot()\n    forward (1.41*d)  # sol\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # mur droit\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # toit droit\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # toit gauche\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # mur gauche\n    left(90)\n\nbackward(200)\nmaison(50)      # maison de taille 50\nforward(100)\nmaison(70)      # maison de taille 70\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":12,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_ef5297649c10437d94e72e30cce69c1c_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"0\" style=\"stroke: black;stroke-width: 1\"><animate id=\"af_ef5297649c10437d94e72e30cce69c1c_2\" attributename=\"x2\" attributetype=\"XML\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\" begin=\"af_ef5297649c10437d94e72e30cce69c1c_1.end\"></animate><animate attributename=\"y2\" attributetype=\"XML\" begin=\"af_ef5297649c10437d94e72e30cce69c1c_1.end\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate></line><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"0\" 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Cette fonction  permet de positionner notre maison à un endroit précis.\nPour désigner cette position, nous utilisons la variable `p` (point, position) qui consiste d'un tuple `(x, y)` de coordonnées.\n\nLa fonction `write(p)` écrit la position `p` sur le canevas, à la position actuelle de la tortue. Pour marquer ce point de positionnement, nous ajoutons un point (dot) comme marqueur.\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 3 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille différente.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef maison(x, y , d):\n    goto(x,y)     # aller à la position p\n    dot()       # ajouter un marquer (dot)\n    down()\n    forward (1.41*d)  # sol\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # mur droit\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # toit droit\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # toit gauche\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # mur gauche\n    left(90)\n    up()\n\nmaison(0, 0, 50)          # maison à la position (0, 0)\nmaison(-150, 50, 70)      # maison à la position (-150, 50)\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":17,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg 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également la couleur de la maison comme paramètres. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `p` -- position de la maison\n- `d` -- dimension de la maison\n- `c` -- couleur de la maison\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 4 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille et couleur différente.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef maison(p, d, c):\n    goto(p)\n    dot()\n    down()\n    fillcolor(c)\n    begin_fill()\n    forward (1.41*d)  # sol\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # mur droit\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # toit droit\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # toit gauche\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # mur gauche\n    left(90)\n    end_fill()\n    up()\n\nmaison((0, 0), 70, 'lightblue')\nmaison((150, 30), 50, 'yellow')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Drapeau tricolore\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nModifiez les couleurs pour obtenir le drapeau d'un autre pay.  \nCréez une deuxième fonction `drapeau2(d, c, c2, c3)` qui crée un drapeau avec des barres horizontales.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n    fillcolor(c)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d)\n        left(90)\n        forward(e)\n        left(90)\n    end_fill()\n\ndef drapeau(d, c, c2, c3):\n    rectangle(d, 2*d, c)\n    forward(d)\n    rectangle(d, 2*d, c2)\n    forward(d)\n    rectangle(d, 2*d, c3)\n\ndrapeau(50, 'blue', 'white', 'red')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Arbre\n\nPour dessiner un arbre simple, nous utilisons un segment droit pour le tronc et un disque (dot) pour le feuillage.\nC'est une fonction qui a 3 paramètres\n\n- `d` -- longueur du tronc\n- `c` -- couleur du tronc\n- `c2` -- couleur du feuillage\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez et utilisez une fonction `foret(n)` qui dessine `n` arbres.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef arbre(d, c, c2):\n    down()\n    left(90)\n    width(d/6)      # tronc\n    pencolor(c)\n    forward(d)\n    dot(d, c2)      # feuillage\n    up()\n    backward(d)     # retourner à la position de départ\n    right(90)\n\n\narbre(100, 'brown', 'lime')\nforward(70)\narbre(90, 'brown', 'green')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":5,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" 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up()\n\nbus((-200, 50), 200, 'red')\nbus((50, 20), 150, 'lightblue')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":7,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_1302cf898c1c4bb7853cfe80c9d8626a_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"0\" style=\"stroke: black;stroke-width: 1\"><animate id=\"af_1302cf898c1c4bb7853cfe80c9d8626a_2\" attributename=\"x2\" attributetype=\"XML\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\" begin=\"af_1302cf898c1c4bb7853cfe80c9d8626a_1.end\"></animate><animate attributename=\"y2\" attributetype=\"XML\" begin=\"af_1302cf898c1c4bb7853cfe80c9d8626a_1.end\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" 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style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nAjoutez deux paramètres: `w` pour l'épaisseur de la ligne (width), et `c2` pour la couleur de ligne.  \nLa fonction aura la forme `coeur(r, w, c, c2)`.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef coeur(r, c):\n    down()\n    fillcolor(c)\n    begin_fill()\n    left(90)\n    circle(r, 225)\n    forward(2.4*r)\n    left(90)\n    forward(2.4*r)\n    circle(r, 225)\n    left(90)\n    end_fill()\n    up()\n\ncoeur(50, 'darkviolet')\nforward(130)\ncoeur(40, 'tomato')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":6,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_668f430aabd94033929b234c355372fa_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" 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begin=\"af_668f430aabd94033929b234c355372fa_124.end\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"remove\"></animateMotion><animateTransform attributename=\"transform\" id=\"af_668f430aabd94033929b234c355372fa_125\" type=\"rotate\" from=\"-1449.3749999999995,0,0\" to=\"-1439.9999999999995,0,0\" begin=\"af_668f430aabd94033929b234c355372fa_124.end\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animateTransform><animateMotion begin=\"af_668f430aabd94033929b234c355372fa_125.end\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"remove\"></animateMotion><animateTransform attributename=\"transform\" id=\"af_668f430aabd94033929b234c355372fa_126\" type=\"rotate\" from=\"-1439.9999999999995,0,0\" to=\"-1529.9999999999995,0,0\" begin=\"af_668f430aabd94033929b234c355372fa_125.end\" dur=\" 0.083s\" fill=\"freeze\"></animateTransform></polygon></g></svg>"},"metadata":{}}]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Escalier\n\n- `d` -- longueur de marche\n- `e` -- hauteur de marche\n- `n` -- nombre de marches\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef escalier(d, e, n):\n    dot()   # marqueur de début\n    for i in range(n):\n        forward(d)\n        left(90)\n        forward(e)\n        right(90)\n\nescalier(20, 10, 5)\nescalier(10, -20, 5)\nescalier(30, 10, 4)\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Valeurs par défaut\n\nQuand une fonction possède beaucoup d'arguments, nous pouvons spécifier des valeurs par défaut. Pour ceci nous ajoutons la valeur par défaut dans la liste de paramètres avec le symbole `=`.\n\nLa fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white')` dessine un rectangle aux dimensions `d` x `e` à la position `p`.\nCette fonction possède 3 paramètres optionnels (valeur par défaut en parenthèse):\n\n- `w` -- épaisseur de ligne (`1`)\n- `pen` -- couleur de ligne (`'black'`)\n- `fill` -- couleur de remplissage (`'white'`)\n\nIl a maintenant différentes façons à appeler la fonction. Tous les paramètres qui ont une valeur par défaut sont optionnels. Au minimum nous devons spécifier les paramètres sans valeur par défaut.\n\n```\nrectangle((40, 0), 80, 40)\n```\n\nLe rectangle est dessiné dans la direction actuelle de la tortue. Cette orientation peut être changée avec `seth()`. La tortue se positionne de l'autre côté du point de départ. Ceci permet d'enchainer à dessiner des rectangles.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\npenup()\n\ndef rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n    goto(p)\n    pendown()\n    width(w)\n    pencolor(pen)\n    fillcolor(fill)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d)\n        left(90)\n        forward(e)\n        left(90)\n    end_fill()\n    penup()\n\nrectangle((-200, 30), 40, 30)\nrectangle((-100, -20), 40, 30, 1, 'orange', 'orange')\nrectangle((100, -40), 30, 80, fill='yellow')\nrectangle((200, 100), 80, 40, 1, 'red', 'pink')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Polygone régulier\n\nLa fonction `polygone()` dessine un polygone régulier avec n sommets. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `d` -- distance du segment\n- `n` -- nombre de segments\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef polygon(d, n, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n    down()\n    pencolor(pen)\n    width(w)\n    fillcolor(fill)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(n):\n        forward(d)\n        left(360/n)\n    end_fill()\n    up()\n\nup()\nbackward(280)\nfor n in range(3, 9):\n    polygon(40, n, fill='lime')\n    color('black')\n    write(n)\n    forward(100)\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Polygone étoilé\n\nEn ajoutant un paramètre supplémentaire `m`, la fonction `polygone()` permet également de dessiner un polygone étoilé.  Ce paramètre signifie le nombre de pics sauté pour aller au prochain des `n` points répartis dans un cercle. Pour `m=1` un polygone régulier est dessiné.\n\nes arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `d` -- distance du segment\n- `n` -- nombre de segments\n- `m` -- paramètre pour polygone étoilé (nombre de pics sautés)\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef polygon(d, n, m=1, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n    down()\n    pencolor(pen)\n    width(w)\n    fillcolor(fill)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(n):\n        forward(d)\n        left(m*360/n)\n    end_fill()\n    up()\n\nup()\nspeed(0)\nbackward(250)\nfor m in range(2, 6):\n    polygon(80, 11, m, fill='yellow')\n    color('black')\n    write(m)\n    forward(140)\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Nommer une variable\n\nPour nommer une variable, vous pouvez utiliser :\n\n- lettres (`a...z` et `A...Z`),\n- chiffres (`0...9`),\n- le tiret bas (`_`).\n\nLe nom de variable :\n\n- est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules,\n- ne peut pas commencer avec un chiffre,\n- ne doit pas consister d'un mot-clé (`if`, `else`, `for`),\n\nPar exemplee, les noms de variables suivantes sont valides : \n    `a2`, `_a`, `speed`, `pos_x`, `POS_X`,\n\ntandis que ceux là ne le sont pas :   `2a`, `def`, `pos x`.\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nLesquels des noms de variable sont valides ?\n\nA) var 2\nB) var2\nC) 2var\nD) IF\n```"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary>  \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) `var2`\n    \nD) `IF` serait valable car différent du mot clé `if` (rappel : Python est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules)\n    \nLes deux autres ne sont pas valables car `var 2` contient une espace et `2var` commence par un chiffre.\n    \n</div>\n</details>"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Exercices\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### Pingpong\n\nLa fonction `pingpong()` reprend le dessin du chapitre 1 et ajoute trois paramètres\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef pingpong(d, c, c2):\n    down()\n    left(90)\n    color(c)        # poignée\n    width(d/8)\n    forward(d/2)\n    color(c2)       # plaque\n    width(d/2)\n    forward(d/10)\n    up()            # retourner au point de départ\n    backward(6/10*d)\n    right(90)\n\npingpong(200, 'brown', 'red')\nforward(100)\npingpong(150, 'brown', 'blue')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### Mondrian\n\nAvec la fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w, pen, fill)` dessinez une copie de ce tableau de Mondrian.\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![mondrian](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/edunumsec2/book/master/src/appr/prog1/media/mondrian.jpg)\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### Stickman\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\nup()\n\n\ndef leg(angle, d):\n    left(angle)\n    forward(d)\n    backward(d)\n    right(angle)\n\ndef stickman(d, bras=(30, -45), jambes=(10, -30)):\n    seth(0)\n    down()\n    circle(d/2)       # tête\n    right(90)\n    forward(d/2)    # cou\n\n    leg(bras[0], d)\n    leg(bras[1], d)\n    forward(d)\n\n    leg(jambes[0], d)\n    leg(jambes[1], d)\n    up()\n\ngoto(-200, 0)\nstickman(20)\n\ngoto(-100, 0)\nstickman(20, (90, -110))\n\ngoto(0, 0)\nstickman(30, (90, -110), (110, -24))\nhideturtle()\n\ndone()","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]}],"metadata":{"kernelspec":{"display_name":"Python 3 (ipykernel)","language":"python","name":"python3"},"language_info":{"codemirror_mode":{"name":"ipython","version":3},"file_extension":".py","mimetype":"text/x-python","name":"python","nbconvert_exporter":"python","pygments_lexer":"ipython3","version":"3.10.12"}},"nbformat":4,"nbformat_minor":2}
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+{"cells":[{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"# 4. Les fonctions avec paramètres\n\nDans cette leçon, nous allons approfondir le concept de la fonction. Dans la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples, nous avons vu la fonction comme une façon de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions. Ici nous allons voir comment nous pouvons ajouter un ou plusieurs paramètres à une fonction. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- l'expression `def rect(d, e):` permet de définir une fonction avec deux paramètres,\n- les paramètres `d, e` sont des variables locales valides uniquement à l'intérieur de la définition de fonction,\n- ces paramètres prennent une valeur au moment de l'appel  de la fonction avec `rect(50, 30)`.\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nEn Python, `def` est un raccourci pour\n\nA) défoncé\nB) défilé\nC) définition\nD) défavorisé\n```"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary>  \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) définition\n</div>\n</details>"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Paramétrer une fonction\n\nJusqu'à maintenant, notre rectangle était d'une taille fixe. La fonction `rectangle()` de la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples \n```python \ndef rectangle():\n    forward(160)\n    left(90)\n    forward(100)\n    left(90)\n    forward(160)\n    left(90)\n    forward(100)\n    left(90)\n```\n dessine toujours un rectangle de 160 x 100 pixels. Il faudrait faire une nouvelle fonction `rectangle2()` si on voulait dessiner une taille différente.\n\nIl serait très utile de disposer d'une fonction de la forme `rectangle(d, e)` qui puisse dessiner des rectangles de largeur et hauteur variable.\nC'est possible en spécifiant des **paramètres** pour la fonction.\nUn paramètre de fonction est une **variable locale** qui peut être utilisée dans sa définition.\n\nLors de l'appel de la fonction, nous donnons des valeurs à la fonction.\nCes valeurs sont les **arguments** de la fonction.\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nComplétez le programme ci-dessous afin de dessiner un deuxième rectangle avec d'autres dimensions.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e):    # paramètres (d, e)\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d/2)\n        write(d)\n        forward(d/2)\n        left(90)\n\n        forward(e/2)\n        write(e)\n        forward(e/2)\n        left(90)\n\nrectangle(160, 100)      # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### Exemples de fonctions avec des paramétres\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"**Exemple 1 : Le Losange**\n\nEssayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef losange(d, a):      # paramètres (d=distance, a=angle)\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d)\n        left(a)\n        write(a)\n\n        forward(d)\n        left(180-a)\n        write(180-a)\n\nlosange(100, 60)            # distance=100, angle=60\nlosange(140, 100)           # distance=140, angle=100\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"On remarque que la fonction `losange(a, angle)`, définie ci-dessus, a comme paramètre la longueur et le premier angle. Le deuxième angle du losange est calculé."},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"**Exemple 2 : Le polygone**\n\nEssayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef polygone(d, n):     # paramètres (d, n)\n    for i in range(n):\n        forward(d)\n        left(360/n)\n        write(360/n)\n\npolygone(100, 3)    # triangle\npolygone(100, 4)    # carré\npolygone(100, 5)    # pentagon\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"On remarque que la fonction `polygone(d, n)` a comme paramètre la distance d'un côté et le nombre de sommets.\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Retour à la maison...\n\nRevenons à l'exemple d'une fonction qui dessine une maison.\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nComplétez le programme afin qu'il dessine une troisième maison de taille 100.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef maison(d):\n    dot()\n    forward (1.41*d)  # sol\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # mur droit\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # toit droit\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # toit gauche\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # mur gauche\n    left(90)\n\nbackward(200)\nmaison(50)      # maison de taille 50\nforward(100)\nmaison(70)      # maison de taille 70\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Positionner la maison\n\n!!! info Rappel\nAu départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. \n![Image caneva](https://githepia.hesge.ch/info_sismondi/exercices-1ere/-/raw/main/Notebooks/imgs_chap4/canevas.png)\nCe rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n\n- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n!!!\n\nLa fonction `goto(x, y)` permet de placer directement la tortue à la position de coordonnées `(x, y)`. On peut utiliser `goto(x, y)` pour positionner notre maison à un endroit précis.\n\nPour désigner une position, nous utilisons la variable `p` (p pour position) qui représente le couple de coordonnées `[x, y]`."},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 3 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille différente.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef maison(p , d):\n    goto(p)     # aller à la position p\n    dot()       # ajouter un marquer (dot)\n    down()\n    forward (1.41*d)  # sol\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # mur droit\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # toit droit\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # toit gauche\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # mur gauche\n    left(90)\n    up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 50)          # maison à la position (0, 0)\nmaison([-150, 50], 70)      # maison à la position (-150, 50)\n\ndone()","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"!!! info Les listes\nEn Python les données peuvent être de plusieurs type. Par exemple, nous avons déjà rencontré le type nombre entier (`int`),  nombre à virgule **flottante** (`float`) et chaînes de caractères (`str`).\n\nEn python, le type `list` permet de définir des données composée d'une liste de valeurs. Il suffit de mettre les valeurs, séparées par des virgules, entre des parenthèses.\n!!!"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Colorier la maison\n\nMaintenant nous modifions la fonction pour inclure non seulement la position, la taille, mais également la couleur de la maison comme paramètres. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `p` -- position de la maison\n- `d` -- dimension de la maison\n- `c` -- couleur de la maison\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 4 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille et couleur différente.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef maison(p, d, c):\n    goto(p)\n    dot()\n    down()\n    fillcolor(c)\n    begin_fill()\n    forward (1.41*d)  # sol\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # mur droit\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # toit droit\n    left(90)\n    forward(d)  # toit gauche\n    left(45)\n    forward(d)  # mur gauche\n    left(90)\n    end_fill()\n    up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 70, 'lightblue')\nmaison([150, 30], 50, 'yellow')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Drapeau tricolore\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 5 </h3>\n\n1. Modifiez les couleurs pour afficher le drapeau de l'irlande (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix).  \n2. Créez une deuxième fonction `drapeau2(d, c, c2, c3)` qui crée un drapeau avec des barres horizontales et utilisez là pour dessiner le drapeau des pays bas  (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix)."},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n    fillcolor(c)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d)\n        left(90)\n        forward(e)\n        left(90)\n    end_fill()\n\ndef drapeau(d, c1, c2, c3):\n    rectangle(d, 2*d, c1)\n    forward(d)\n    rectangle(d, 2*d, c2)\n    forward(d)\n    rectangle(d, 2*d, c3)\n\ndrapeau(50, 'blue', 'white', 'red')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Arbre\n\nPour dessiner un arbre simple, nous utilisons un segment droit pour le tronc et un disque (dot) pour le feuillage.\nC'est une fonction qui a 3 paramètres\n\n- `d` -- longueur du tronc\n- `c` -- couleur du tronc\n- `c2` -- couleur du feuillage\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez et utilisez une fonction `foret(n)` qui dessine `n` arbres.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef arbre(d, c, c2):\n    down()\n    left(90)\n    width(d/6)      # tronc\n    pencolor(c)\n    forward(d)\n    dot(d, c2)      # feuillage\n    up()\n    backward(d)     # retourner à la position de départ\n    right(90)\n\n\narbre(100, 'brown', 'lime')\nforward(70)\narbre(90, 'brown', 'green')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Coeur\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nAjoutez deux paramètres: `w` pour l'épaisseur de la ligne (width), et `c2` pour la couleur de ligne.  \nLa fonction aura la forme `coeur(r, w, c, c2)`.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef coeur(r, c):\n    down()\n    fillcolor(c)\n    begin_fill()\n    left(90)\n    circle(r, 225)\n    forward(2.4*r)\n    left(90)\n    forward(2.4*r)\n    circle(r, 225)\n    left(90)\n    end_fill()\n    up()\n\ncoeur(50, 'darkviolet')\nforward(130)\ncoeur(40, 'tomato')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Autres exemples de fonction\n\n**Exemple 1: Dessiner un bus**\n\nPour dessiner un bus, une voiture ou un camion simple, nous pouvons utiliser des rectangles pour le châssis, et un disque (dot) pour les roues.\nC'est une fonction qui a comme paramètres\n\n- `p` -- position du bus\n- `d` -- dimension (longeur) du bus\n- `c` -- couleur du bus"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n    fillcolor(c)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d)\n        left(90)\n        forward(e)\n        left(90)\n    end_fill()\n\ndef bus(p, d, c):\n    goto(p)\n    down()\n    rectangle(d, d/3, c) # chassis\n    forward(d/4)\n    dot(d/5)            # roue arrière\n    dot(d/10, 'white')\n    forward(d/2)\n    dot(d/5)            # roue avant\n    dot(d/10, 'white')\n    up()\n\nbus([-200, 50], 200, 'red')\nbus([50, 20], 150, 'lightblue')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Escalier\n\n- `d` -- longueur de marche\n- `e` -- hauteur de marche\n- `n` -- nombre de marches\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true,"scrolled":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef escalier(d, e, n):\n    dot()   # marqueur de début\n    for i in range(n):\n        forward(d)\n        left(90)\n        forward(e)\n        right(90)\n\nescalier(20, 10, 5)\nescalier(10, -20, 5)\nescalier(30, 10, 4)\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Nommer une variable\n\nPour nommer une variable, vous pouvez utiliser :\n\n- lettres (`a...z` et `A...Z`),\n- chiffres (`0...9`),\n- le tiret bas (`_`).\n\nLe nom de variable :\n\n- est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules,\n- ne peut pas commencer avec un chiffre,\n- ne doit pas consister d'un mot-clé (`if`, `else`, `for`),\n\nPar exemplee, les noms de variables suivantes sont valides : \n    `a2`, `_a`, `speed`, `pos_x`, `POS_X`,\n\ntandis que ceux là ne le sont pas :   `2a`, `def`, `pos x`.\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nLesquels des noms de variable sont valides ?\n\nA) var 2\nB) var2\nC) 2var\nD) IF\n```"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary>  \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) `var2`\n    \nD) `IF` serait valable car différent du mot clé `if` (rappel : Python est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules)\n    \nLes deux autres ne sont pas valables car `var 2` contient une espace et `2var` commence par un chiffre.\n    \n</div>\n</details>"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Exercices d'entraînement "},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCorrigez le programme ci-dessous afin qu'il affiche un triangle rouge"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle_couleur(d, c):\n    pencolor(c)\n    for i in range(3):\n        forward(d)\n        left(120)\n\ntriangle_couleur(\"red\", 100)\n\ndone()","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez une commande `rangee_triangles(nombre, cote)` qui dessine une rangée de pyramides selon l’illustration. Chaque triangle a des côtés de longueur `cote`.\nLe paramètre `nombre` indique le nombre de triangles dans la rangée. Utilisez ensuite\ncette commande pour dessiner une rangée de 20 triangles de côtés 31, centrée au\nmilieu de la fenêtre.\n\n![Image rangee de triangle](https://githepia.hesge.ch/info_sismondi/exercices-1ere/-/raw/main/Notebooks/imgs_chap4/ex_triangles.png)"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef rangee_triangles(nombre, cote):\n    # a compléter\n\n# a compléter\n\ndone()","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 10 </h3>\n\n\nDéfinir une fonction `carre_couleur(d,c )` qui demande à la tortue de\ndessiner des carrés colorés de longueur variés. Elle doit dessiner trois triangles comme sur la figure ci-dessous.\n\n![Image carres colorés](https://githepia.hesge.ch/info_sismondi/exercices-1ere/-/raw/main/Notebooks/imgs_chap4/ex_carres_couleur.png)"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\n# a compléter\n\ndone()","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"# Complément sur les valeurs par défaut*\n\nQuand une fonction possède beaucoup d'arguments, nous pouvons spécifier des valeurs par défaut. Pour ceci nous ajoutons la valeur par défaut dans la liste de paramètres avec le symbole `=`.\n\nLa fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white')` dessine un rectangle aux dimensions `d` x `e` à la position `p`.\nCette fonction possède 3 paramètres optionnels (valeur par défaut en parenthèse):\n\n- `w` -- épaisseur de ligne (`1`)\n- `pen` -- couleur de ligne (`'black'`)\n- `fill` -- couleur de remplissage (`'white'`)\n\nIl a maintenant différentes façons à appeler la fonction. Tous les paramètres qui ont une valeur par défaut sont optionnels. Au minimum nous devons spécifier les paramètres sans valeur par défaut.\n\n```\nrectangle((40, 0), 80, 40)\n```\n\nLe rectangle est dessiné dans la direction actuelle de la tortue. Cette orientation peut être changée avec `seth()`. La tortue se positionne de l'autre côté du point de départ. Ceci permet d'enchainer à dessiner des rectangles.\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\npenup()\n\ndef rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n    goto(p)\n    pendown()\n    width(w)\n    pencolor(pen)\n    fillcolor(fill)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(2):\n        forward(d)\n        left(90)\n        forward(e)\n        left(90)\n    end_fill()\n    penup()\n\nrectangle([-200, 30], 40, 30)\nrectangle([-100, -20], 40, 30, 1, 'orange', 'orange')\nrectangle([100, -40], 30, 80, fill='yellow')\nrectangle([200, 100], 80, 40, 1, 'red', 'pink')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Polygone régulier\n\nLa fonction `polygone()` dessine un polygone régulier avec n sommets. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `d` -- distance du segment\n- `n` -- nombre de segments\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef polygon(d, n, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n    down()\n    pencolor(pen)\n    width(w)\n    fillcolor(fill)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(n):\n        forward(d)\n        left(360/n)\n    end_fill()\n    up()\n\nup()\nbackward(280)\nfor n in range(3, 9):\n    polygon(40, n, fill='lime')\n    color('black')\n    write(n)\n    forward(100)\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Polygone étoilé\n\nEn ajoutant un paramètre supplémentaire `m`, la fonction `polygone()` permet également de dessiner un polygone étoilé.  Ce paramètre signifie le nombre de pics sauté pour aller au prochain des `n` points répartis dans un cercle. Pour `m=1` un polygone régulier est dessiné.\n\nes arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `d` -- distance du segment\n- `n` -- nombre de segments\n- `m` -- paramètre pour polygone étoilé (nombre de pics sautés)\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef polygon(d, n, m=1, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n    down()\n    pencolor(pen)\n    width(w)\n    fillcolor(fill)\n    begin_fill()\n    for i in range(n):\n        forward(d)\n        left(m*360/n)\n    end_fill()\n    up()\n\nup()\nspeed(0)\nbackward(250)\nfor m in range(2, 6):\n    polygon(80, 11, m, fill='yellow')\n    color('black')\n    write(m)\n    forward(140)\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"## Exercices\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### Mondrian\n\nUtilisez la fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w, pen, fill)` pour dessiner une copie de ce tableau de Mondrian.\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"![mondrian](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/edunumsec2/book/master/src/appr/prog1/media/mondrian.jpg)\n\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n![Licence Creative Commons](https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png)"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]}],"metadata":{"kernelspec":{"display_name":"Python 3 (ipykernel)","language":"python","name":"python3"},"language_info":{"codemirror_mode":{"name":"ipython","version":3},"file_extension":".py","mimetype":"text/x-python","name":"python","nbconvert_exporter":"python","pygments_lexer":"ipython3","version":"3.10.12"}},"nbformat":4,"nbformat_minor":2}
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diff --git a/Notebooks/Exo_supp.ipynb b/Notebooks/Exo_supp.ipynb
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@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"cells":[{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### Paquebot\n\nUne boucle `for` est utilisée dans l'exemple suivant pour dessiner les hublots d'un paquebot. Les hublots sont numérotés en utilisant la variable `i`.\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCréez une fonction `paquebot()` et dessinez-en un deuxième.\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\nup()\nleft(125)\nforward(40)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n    dot(20, 'lightgray')\n    write(i, font=('Arial', 20, 'normal'))\n    forward(30)\n\ndone()","execution_count":1,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"50%\" height=\"auto\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_c15caa80776d4f93896328234a9ad966_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" 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class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 12</h3>\n\nAvec des rails de chemin de fer, dessinez un circuit en forme d'un rond (deux rails avec les traverses).\n![rails](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/edunumsec2/book/master/src/appr/prog1/media/rails2.png)\n\nUtilisez une boucle `for` pour la répétition des traverses.\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n# Prénom Nom, classe\n\ndef traverse():\n    ...\n\nforward(200)\n\ndone()","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 12</h3>\n\nTriangle de sierpinski\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle(l):\n    for _ in range(3):\n        forward(l)\n        left(120)\n\n\n\nx = 50\nfor _ in range(3):\n    triangle(x)\n    forward(x)\n    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  \n\nspeed(10)\nsierpinski(200, 1)\n\n\ndone()","execution_count":7,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_4a120c6550f842cd9a26f33bb02d4cac_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"0\" style=\"stroke: black;stroke-width: 1\"><animate id=\"af_4a120c6550f842cd9a26f33bb02d4cac_2\" attributename=\"x2\" attributetype=\"XML\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\" begin=\"af_4a120c6550f842cd9a26f33bb02d4cac_1.end\"></animate><animate attributename=\"y2\" attributetype=\"XML\" begin=\"af_4a120c6550f842cd9a26f33bb02d4cac_1.end\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate></line><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" 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+{"cells":[{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"### Paquebot\n\nUne boucle `for` est utilisée dans l'exemple suivant pour dessiner les hublots d'un paquebot. Les hublots sont numérotés en utilisant la variable `i`.\n"},{"metadata":{},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCréez une fonction `paquebot()` et dessinez-en un deuxième.\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\nup()\nleft(125)\nforward(40)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n    dot(20, 'lightgray')\n    write(i, font=('Arial', 20, 'normal'))\n    forward(30)\n\ndone()","execution_count":1,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"50%\" height=\"auto\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_c15caa80776d4f93896328234a9ad966_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" 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class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 12</h3>\n\nAvec des rails de chemin de fer, dessinez un circuit en forme d'un rond (deux rails avec les traverses).\n![rails](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/edunumsec2/book/master/src/appr/prog1/media/rails2.png)\n\nUtilisez une boucle `for` pour la répétition des traverses.\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n# Prénom Nom, classe\n\ndef traverse():\n    ...\n\nforward(200)\n\ndone()","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]},{"metadata":{"trusted":true},"cell_type":"markdown","source":"<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> &nbsp; Exercice 12</h3>\n\nTriangle de sierpinski\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle(l):\n    for _ in range(3):\n        forward(l)\n        left(120)\n\n\n\nx = 50\nfor _ in range(3):\n    triangle(x)\n    forward(x)\n    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   \n\nspeed(10)\nsierpinski(200, 1)\n\n\ndone()","execution_count":7,"outputs":[{"output_type":"display_data","data":{"image/svg+xml":"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_4a120c6550f842cd9a26f33bb02d4cac_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"0\" style=\"stroke: black;stroke-width: 1\"><animate id=\"af_4a120c6550f842cd9a26f33bb02d4cac_2\" attributename=\"x2\" attributetype=\"XML\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\" begin=\"af_4a120c6550f842cd9a26f33bb02d4cac_1.end\"></animate><animate attributename=\"y2\" attributetype=\"XML\" begin=\"af_4a120c6550f842cd9a26f33bb02d4cac_1.end\" from=\"0\" to=\"0\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate></line><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" 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le dessin de la leçon 1 et ajoute trois paramètres\n\n"},{"metadata":{"trusted":false},"cell_type":"code","source":"from turtle import *\n\ndef pingpong(d, c, c2):\n    down()\n    left(90)\n    color(c)        # poignée\n    width(d/8)\n    forward(d/2)\n    color(c2)       # plaque\n    width(d/2)\n    forward(d/10)\n    up()            # retourner au point de départ\n    backward(6/10*d)\n    right(90)\n\npingpong(200, 'brown', 'red')\nforward(100)\npingpong(150, 'brown', 'blue')\n\ndone()\n","execution_count":null,"outputs":[]}],"metadata":{"kernelspec":{"name":"python3","display_name":"Python 3","language":"python"}},"nbformat":4,"nbformat_minor":2}
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