diff --git a/Notebooks/01_Premier_programme.ipynb b/Notebooks/01_Premier_programme.ipynb
index 45743c487103040f0ddfdbb6f3b40737ffb3c924..6a65cfb28bc147b3550dbf487b68c5346524cf46 100644
--- a/Notebooks/01_Premier_programme.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/01_Premier_programme.ipynb
@@ -1,291 +1,291 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# 1. Premier programme, premières instructions"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Dans ce chapitre, nous explorons ce que c’est un programme et nous prenons l’exemple du dessin. Ici, un programme est une séquence d’instructions pour dessiner une image.\n\nAllons de l’avant (forward) avec la programmation. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- l’expression `from turtle import *` met à disposition les fonctions de dessin,\n\n- les instructions `forward()`, `backward()` permettent de tracer une ligne,\n\n- les instructions `left()`, `right()` permettent de changer de direction.\n\n- l'instruction `done()` permet de finaliser. Elle lance le tracage de la figure.\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.1 Le module `turtle`\n\nDans le langage de programmation Python, le module `turtle` (signifiant tortue en anglais) présente une façon sympathique pour faire des dessins. C’est pour cela que nous commençons notre aventure de programmation avec cet animal qui avance tout doucement à son propre rythme.\n\nOn s’imagine une tortue qui se déplace sur un canevas et laisse une trace.\n\nCi-dessous, vous trouvez notre premier programme de trois lignes :\n\n- dans la première ligne, nous importons toutes (`*`) les fonctions du module turtle,\n\n- avec `shape('turtle')`, nous affichons une tortue (au lieu de la flèche),\n\n- avec `forward(150)`, nous faisons avancer la tortue de 150 pixels,\n\n- avec `done()`, nous lançons de tracage de la figure."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 1\n\nAjoutez d’autres instructions telles que `backward()`, `left()` et `right()` pour faire un dessin."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"><b>A savoir:</b> Cliquez sur le bouton <b>Excécuter</b> pour tester le programme. </div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false,
- "scrolled": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### A retenir\nLa tortue peut se déplacer et dessiner une trace avec les 4 fonctions:\n\n- `forward(d)` pour avancer d'une distance `d` (en pixels)\n- `backward(d)` pour reculer\n- `left(a)` pour tourner à gauche d'un angle `a` (en degrés)\n- `right(a)` pour tourner à droite"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n## 1.2 Le canevas\n\nAu départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. Ce rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n\n- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n\n\n\n### Exercice 2\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous pour mener la tortue tout en bas du canevas. Ensuite, ajoutez une diagonale."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(300)\nbackward(600)\nforward(300)\n\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\n\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n## 1.3 Une séquence\n\nUn programme est une séquence d'instructions. Le bloc de 8 instructions ci-dessous indique comment dessiner un carré. La tortue doit avancer, tourner, avancer, tourner, etc.\n\n### Exercise 3\nModifiez ce code pour en faire un rectangle, au lieu d'un carré."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n\n## 1.4 Épaisseur de ligne\n\nLa fonction `width(d)` (épaisseur en anglais) permet de définir l'épaisseur de la ligne.\nVoici un triangle où chaque côté a une épaisseur différente.\n\n### Exercise 4\nExplorez différentes épaisseurs de ligne."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(5)\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(10)\nforward(200)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n\n## 1.5 Maison avec toit\n\nNous dessinons une maison et marquons le toit par une ligne plus épaisse.\n\n### Exercise 5\nDoublez l'épaisseur du toit. Ensuite, doublez la hauteur de la maison."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(60)\nleft(45)\nwidth(5)\nforward(71)\nleft(90)\nforward(71)\nwidth(1)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n\n## 1.6 Raquette de ping-pong\n\nL'épaisseur de ligne est très utile dans le dessin.\n\n## Exercise 6\nTransformez la raquette de ping-pong en haltères de musculation."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(20)\nforward(100)\nwidth(80)\nforward(20)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.7 Lunettes de soleil\n\nVoici encore un exemple où, avec un simple changement d'épaisseur, vous obtenez un effet très intéressant.\n\n### Exercise 7\nAjoutez la première branche qui manque."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.8 Commentaire\n\nLe symbole `#` indique un commentaire. Sur PC vous pouvez l'insérer avec **Alt Gr+3** ou **opt+3** sur Mac.\nUn commentaire permet d'ajouter une explication pour le lecteur humain. Il n'a aucune influence sur le programme. Python ignore tout simplement tout commentaire.\n\n## Exercise 8\nExpliquez dans chaque ligne ce que fait l'instruction."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"><b>Astuce :</b> Utiliser les raccourcis <b>Ctrl + c</b> pour copier du texte et <b>Ctrl + v</b> pour coller le texte copié. </div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 50\nforward(20) # avancer de 20 pas\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "L'exercice précédent servait à expliciter pour un débutant en programmation la signification des commandes écrites en anglais. Normalement on ne fait pas ça, car un programmeur est censé connaitre la signification des commandes.\n\nLes commentaires servent à expliciter la vraie signification d'une partie du programme.\n\n## Exercise 9\nExpliquez cette fois ce que dessine chaque partie du programme (verre, pont, verre, charnière, branche)."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# dessiner le premier verre\nwidth(50) \nforward(20)\n\n# dessiner le pont (nez)\nwidth(10) \nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.9 Équivalence\n\nLa tortue possède 4 fonctions de déplacement, mais à strictement parler, on pourrait s'en sortir avec seulement deux fonctions, `forward()` et `left()`, car :\n\n- `backward(d)` est équivalent à `forward(-d)`\n- `right(a)` est équivalent à `left(-a)`\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous, les 4 lignes du deuxième bloc sont équivalentes aux 4 instructions du premier bloc et donnent un résultat identique.\n\n### Exercice 10\nExpliquez avec un commentaire ce que font les 2 dernières instructions avant le `done()`.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\nbackward(-160) # équivalent à forward(160)\nright(-90) # équivalent à left(90)\nbackward(-100)\nright(-90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 11\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine un losange conformément au croquis ci-dessous.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 12\nDessinez un hexagone régulier dont la longueur des côtés vaut 100 (voir la figure ci-dessous)."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<img src=\"data:image/svg+xml;base64,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\" />"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "*Exercice tiré du livre **L'informatique simplement** de J. Hromkovic et T. Kohn*"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\nPour tracer un hexagone, la tortue doit tourner 6 fois. Comme un tour complet représente 360°, à chaque angle la tortue doit tourné de \\( \\frac{360}{6}=60 \\) degrés.\n </div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 13\nDessinez une chaise."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 14\nCommenter le programme ci-dessous afin d'expliquer le but des différents blocs du code."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(30)\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 15 *\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine une maison comme dans le schéma ci-dessous. Elle est formée de plusieurs triangles isocèles rectangles. La longueur des côtés du carré de base est de 185.\n\n\n\n*Exercice tiré du livre **L'informatique simplement** de J. Hromkovic et T. Kohn*"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\npour connaître la longueur du toit et des diagonles, utilisez le théorème de Pythagore.\n </div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n"
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# 1. Premier programme, premières instructions"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Dans ce chapitre, nous explorons ce que c’est un programme et nous prenons l’exemple du dessin. Ici, un programme est une séquence d’instructions pour dessiner une image.\n\nAllons de l’avant (forward) avec la programmation. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- l’expression `from turtle import *` met à disposition les fonctions de dessin,\n\n- les instructions `forward()`, `backward()` permettent de tracer une ligne,\n\n- les instructions `left()`, `right()` permettent de changer de direction.\n\n- l'instruction `done()` permet de finaliser. Elle lance le tracage de la figure.\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.1 Le module `turtle`\n\nDans le langage de programmation Python, le module `turtle` (signifiant tortue en anglais) présente une façon sympathique pour faire des dessins. C’est pour cela que nous commençons notre aventure de programmation avec cet animal qui avance tout doucement à son propre rythme.\n\nOn s’imagine une tortue qui se déplace sur un canevas et laisse une trace.\n\nCi-dessous, vous trouvez notre premier programme de trois lignes :\n\n- dans la première ligne, nous importons toutes (`*`) les fonctions du module turtle,\n\n- avec `shape('turtle')`, nous affichons une tortue (au lieu de la flèche),\n\n- avec `forward(150)`, nous faisons avancer la tortue de 150 pixels,\n\n- avec `done()`, nous lançons de tracage de la figure."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 1\n\nAjoutez d’autres instructions telles que `backward()`, `left()` et `right()` pour faire un dessin."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"><b>A savoir:</b> Cliquez sur le bouton <b>Excécuter</b> pour tester le programme. </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false,
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### A retenir\nLa tortue peut se déplacer et dessiner une trace avec les 4 fonctions:\n\n- `forward(d)` pour avancer d'une distance `d` (en pixels)\n- `backward(d)` pour reculer\n- `left(a)` pour tourner à gauche d'un angle `a` (en degrés)\n- `right(a)` pour tourner à droite"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n## 1.2 Le canevas\n\nAu départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. Ce rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n\n- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n\n\n\n### Exercice 2\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous pour mener la tortue tout en bas du canevas. Ensuite, ajoutez une diagonale."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(300)\nbackward(600)\nforward(300)\n\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\n\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n## 1.3 Une séquence\n\nUn programme est une séquence d'instructions. Le bloc de 8 instructions ci-dessous indique comment dessiner un carré. La tortue doit avancer, tourner, avancer, tourner, etc.\n\n### Exercise 3\nModifiez ce code pour en faire un rectangle, au lieu d'un carré."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n\n## 1.4 Épaisseur de ligne\n\nLa fonction `width(d)` (épaisseur en anglais) permet de définir l'épaisseur de la ligne.\nVoici un triangle où chaque côté a une épaisseur différente.\n\n### Exercise 4\nExplorez différentes épaisseurs de ligne."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(5)\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(10)\nforward(200)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n\n## 1.5 Maison avec toit\n\nNous dessinons une maison et marquons le toit par une ligne plus épaisse.\n\n### Exercise 5\nDoublez l'épaisseur du toit. Ensuite, doublez la hauteur de la maison."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(60)\nleft(45)\nwidth(5)\nforward(71)\nleft(90)\nforward(71)\nwidth(1)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n\n## 1.6 Raquette de ping-pong\n\nL'épaisseur de ligne est très utile dans le dessin.\n\n## Exercise 6\nTransformez la raquette de ping-pong en haltères de musculation."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(20)\nforward(100)\nwidth(80)\nforward(20)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.7 Lunettes de soleil\n\nVoici encore un exemple où, avec un simple changement d'épaisseur, vous obtenez un effet très intéressant.\n\n### Exercise 7\nAjoutez la première branche qui manque."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.8 Commentaire\n\nLe symbole `#` indique un commentaire. Sur PC vous pouvez l'insérer avec **Alt Gr+3** ou **opt+3** sur Mac.\nUn commentaire permet d'ajouter une explication pour le lecteur humain. Il n'a aucune influence sur le programme. Python ignore tout simplement tout commentaire.\n\n## Exercise 8\nExpliquez dans chaque ligne ce que fait l'instruction."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"><b>Astuce :</b> Utiliser les raccourcis <b>Ctrl + c</b> pour copier du texte et <b>Ctrl + v</b> pour coller le texte copié. </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 50\nforward(20) # avancer de 20 pas\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "L'exercice précédent servait à expliciter pour un débutant en programmation la signification des commandes écrites en anglais. Normalement on ne fait pas ça, car un programmeur est censé connaitre la signification des commandes.\n\nLes commentaires servent à expliciter la vraie signification d'une partie du programme.\n\n## Exercise 9\nExpliquez cette fois ce que dessine chaque partie du programme (verre, pont, verre, charnière, branche)."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# dessiner le premier verre\nwidth(50) \nforward(20)\n\n# dessiner le pont (nez)\nwidth(10) \nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.9 Équivalence\n\nLa tortue possède 4 fonctions de déplacement, mais à strictement parler, on pourrait s'en sortir avec seulement deux fonctions, `forward()` et `left()`, car :\n\n- `backward(d)` est équivalent à `forward(-d)`\n- `right(a)` est équivalent à `left(-a)`\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous, les 4 lignes du deuxième bloc sont équivalentes aux 4 instructions du premier bloc et donnent un résultat identique.\n\n### Exercice 10\nExpliquez avec un commentaire ce que font les 2 dernières instructions avant le `done()`.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\nbackward(-160) # équivalent à forward(160)\nright(-90) # équivalent à left(90)\nbackward(-100)\nright(-90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 11\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine un losange conformément au croquis ci-dessous.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 12\nDessinez un hexagone régulier dont la longueur des côtés vaut 100 (voir la figure ci-dessous)."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<img src=\"data:image/svg+xml;base64,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\" />"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "*Exercice tiré du livre **L'informatique simplement** de J. Hromkovic et T. Kohn*"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\nPour tracer un hexagone, la tortue doit tourner 6 fois. Comme un tour complet représente 360°, à chaque angle la tortue doit tourné de \\( \\frac{360}{6}=60 \\) degrés.\n </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 13\nDessinez une chaise."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 14\nCommenter le programme ci-dessous afin d'expliquer le but des différents blocs du code."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(30)\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 15 *\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine une maison comme dans le schéma ci-dessous. Elle est formée de plusieurs triangles isocèles rectangles. La longueur des côtés du carré de base est de 185.\n\n\n\n*Exercice tiré du livre **L'informatique simplement** de J. Hromkovic et T. Kohn*"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\npour connaître la longueur du toit et des diagonles, utilisez le théorème de Pythagore.\n </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/01_Premier_programme_corrige.ipynb b/Notebooks/01_Premier_programme_corrige.ipynb
index addb9fabe448ffa0d8eb7f0646217e07674079c0..b6b61fce554e5fcd7d8a0bf0687806ef3d2214bb 100644
--- a/Notebooks/01_Premier_programme_corrige.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/01_Premier_programme_corrige.ipynb
@@ -1,650 +1,650 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# 1. Premier programme, premières instructions"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Dans ce chapitre, nous explorons ce que c’est un programme et nous prenons l’exemple du dessin. Ici, un programme est une séquence d’instructions pour dessiner une image.\n\nAllons de l’avant (forward) avec la programmation. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- l’expression `from turtle import *` met à disposition les fonctions de dessin,\n\n- les instructions `forward()`, `backward()` permettent de tracer une ligne,\n\n- les instructions `left()`, `right()` permettent de changer de direction.\n\n- l'instruction `done()` permet de finaliser. Elle lance le tracage de la figure.\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.1 Le module `turtle`\n\nDans le langage de programmation Python, le module `turtle` (signifiant tortue en anglais) présente une façon sympathique pour faire des dessins. C’est pour cela que nous commençons notre aventure de programmation avec cet animal qui avance tout doucement à son propre rythme.\n\nOn s’imagine une tortue qui se déplace sur un canevas et laisse une trace.\n\nCi-dessous, vous trouvez notre premier programme de trois lignes :\n\n- dans la première ligne, nous importons toutes (`*`) les fonctions du module turtle,\n\n- avec `shape('turtle')`, nous affichons une tortue (au lieu de la flèche),\n\n- avec `forward(150)`, nous faisons avancer la tortue de 150 pixels,\n\n- avec `done()`, nous lançons de tracage de la figure."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 1\n\nAjoutez d’autres instructions telles que `backward()`, `left()` et `right()` pour faire un dessin."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"><b>A savoir:</b> Cliquez sur le bouton <b>Excécuter</b> pour tester le programme. </div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "scrolled": true,
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "display_data",
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- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
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- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\nleft(90)\nforward(150)\nbackward(300)\nforward(150)\nright(90)\nforward(150)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "outputs": [
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- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### A retenir\nLa tortue peut se déplacer et dessiner une trace avec les 4 fonctions:\n\n- `forward(d)` pour avancer d'une distance `d` (en pixels)\n- `backward(d)` pour reculer\n- `left(a)` pour tourner à gauche d'un angle `a` (en degrés)\n- `right(a)` pour tourner à droite"
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n## 1.2 Le canevas\n\nAu départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. Ce rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n\n- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n\n\n\n### Exercice 2\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous pour mener la tortue tout en bas du canevas. Ensuite, ajoutez une diagonale."
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "scrolled": true,
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(300)\nbackward(600)\nforward(300)\n\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\n\n\ndone()",
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- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\nleft(90)\nforward(150)\nbackward(300)\nforward(150)\nright(90)\nforward(150)\n\ndone()",
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- "source": "***\n## 1.3 Une séquence\n\nUn programme est une séquence d'instructions. Le bloc de 9 instructions ci-dessous indique comment dessiner un carré. La tortue doit avancer, tourner, avancer, tourner, etc.\n\n### Exercise 3\nModifiez ce code pour en faire un rectangle, au lieu d'un carré."
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n\ndone()",
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- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "outputs": [
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n\n## 1.4 Épaisseur de ligne\n\nLa fonction `width(d)` (épaisseur en anglais) permet de définir l'épaisseur de la ligne.\nVoici un triangle où chaque côté a une épaisseur différente.\n\n### Exercise 4\nExplorez différentes épaisseurs de ligne."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(5)\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(10)\nforward(200)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "outputs": [
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(5)\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(10)\nforward(200)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "outputs": [
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- "source": "***\n\n## 1.5 Maison avec toit\n\nNous dessinons une maison et marquons le toit par une ligne plus épaisse.\n\n### Exercise 5\nDoublez l'épaisseur du toit. Ensuite, doublez la hauteur de la maison."
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(60)\nleft(45)\nwidth(5)\nforward(71)\nleft(90)\nforward(71)\nwidth(1)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(120)\nleft(45)\nwidth(10)\nforward(71)\nleft(90)\nforward(71)\nwidth(1)\nleft(45)\nforward(120)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
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- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n\n## 1.6 Raquette de ping-pong\n\nL'épaisseur de ligne est très utile dans le dessin.\n\n## Exercise 6\nTransformez la raquette de ping-pong en haltères de musculation."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(20)\nforward(100)\nwidth(80)\nforward(20)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "outputs": [
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- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(20)\nforward(100)\nwidth(80)\nforward(10)\n\nwidth(20)\nleft(180)\nforward(150)\nwidth(80)\nforward(10)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "outputs": [
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- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.7 Lunettes de soleil\n\nVoici encore un exemple où, avec un simple changement d'épaisseur, vous obtenez un effet très intéressant.\n\n### Exercise 7\nAjoutez la première branche qui manque."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\nleft(180)\nforward(60)\nright(45)\nforward(180)\nright(135)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "outputs": [
- {
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- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.8 Commentaire\n\nLe symbole `#` indique un commentaire. Sur PC vous pouvez l'insérer avec **Alt Gr+3** ou **opt+3** sur Mac.\nUn commentaire permet d'ajouter une explication pour le lecteur humain. Il n'a aucune influence sur le programme. Python ignore tout simplement tout commentaire.\n\n## Exercise 8\nExpliquez dans chaque ligne ce que fait l'instruction."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 50\nforward(20) # avancer de 20 pas\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 50\nforward(20) # avancer de 20 pas\nwidth(10) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 10\nforward(60) # avancer de 60 pas\nwidth(50) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 50\nforward(20) # avancer de 20 pas\nwidth(10) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 10\nforward(40) # avancer de 40 pas\nleft(45) # tourner à gauche de 45°\nforward(60) # avancer de 60 pas\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "outputs": [
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### À retenir\nL'exercice précédent servait à expliciter pour un débutant en programmation la signification des commandes écrites en anglais. Normalement on ne fait pas ça, car un programmeur est censé connaitre la signification des commandes.\n\nLes commentaires servent à expliciter la vraie signification d'une partie du programme.\n\n## Exercise 9\nExpliquez cette fois ce que dessine chaque partie du programme (verre, pont, verre, charnière, branche)."
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# dessiner le premier verre\nwidth(50) \nforward(20)\n\n# dessiner le pont (nez)\nwidth(10) \nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
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- "outputs": []
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# dessiner le premier verre\nwidth(50) \nforward(20)\n\n# dessiner le pont (nez)\nwidth(10) \nforward(60)\n\n# dessiner le second verre\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\n\n# dessiner la monture\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\n\n# dessiner la branche\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
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- "source": "## 1.9 Équivalence\n\nLa tortue possède 4 fonctions de déplacement, mais à strictement parler, on pourrait s'en sortir avec seulement deux fonctions, `forward()` et `left()`, car :\n\n- `backward(d)` est équivalent à `forward(-d)`\n- `right(a)` est équivalent à `left(-a)`\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous, les 4 lignes du deuxième bloc sont équivalentes aux 4 instructions du premier bloc et donnent un résultat identique.\n\n### Exercice 10\nExpliquez avec un commentaire ce que font les 2 dernières instructions avant le `done()`.\n"
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\nbackward(-160) # équivalent à forward(160)\nright(-90) # équivalent à left(90)\nbackward(-100)\nright(-90)\n\ndone()",
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\nbackward(-160) # équivalent à forward(160)\nright(-90) # équivalent à left(90)\nbackward(-100) # avance de 100\nright(-90) # trouner à gauche de 90° \n\ndone()",
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- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 11\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine un losange conformément au croquis ci-dessous.\n\n"
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
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- "outputs": []
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- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(30)\nforward(100)\nleft(120)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(120)\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 10,
- "outputs": [
- {
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- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 12\nDessinez un hexagone régulier dont la longueur des côtés vaut 100 (voir la figure ci-dessous)."
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<img src=\"data:image/svg+xml;base64,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\" />"
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\nPour tracer un hexagone, la tortue doit tourner 6 fois. Comme un tour complet représente 360°, à chaque angle la tortue doit tourné de \\( \\frac{360}{6}=60 \\) degrés.\n </div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 11,
- "outputs": [
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- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 13\nDessinez une chaise."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nbackward(200)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 12,
- "outputs": [
- {
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- "source": "### Exercice 14\nCommenter le programme ci-dessous afin d'expliquer le but des différents blocs du code."
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(30)\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# dessiner la base de la maison\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n# avancer à la base de la porte\nforward(30)\n\n# dessiner la porte\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
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- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 15 *\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine une maison comme dans le schéma ci-dessous. Elle est formée de plusieurs triangles isocèles rectangles. La longueur des côtés du carré de base est de 185.\n\n\n\n*Exercice tiré du livre **L'informatique simplement** de J. Hromkovic et T. Kohn*"
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\npour connaître la longueur du toit et des diagonles, utilisez le théorème de Pythagore.\n </div>"
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\nforward(185)\nleft(135)\nforward(262)\nleft(90)\nforward(131)\nleft(90)\nforward(131)\nleft(90)\nforward(262)\n\ndone()",
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- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n"
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# 1. Premier programme, premières instructions"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Dans ce chapitre, nous explorons ce que c’est un programme et nous prenons l’exemple du dessin. Ici, un programme est une séquence d’instructions pour dessiner une image.\n\nAllons de l’avant (forward) avec la programmation. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- l’expression `from turtle import *` met à disposition les fonctions de dessin,\n\n- les instructions `forward()`, `backward()` permettent de tracer une ligne,\n\n- les instructions `left()`, `right()` permettent de changer de direction.\n\n- l'instruction `done()` permet de finaliser. Elle lance le tracage de la figure.\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.1 Le module `turtle`\n\nDans le langage de programmation Python, le module `turtle` (signifiant tortue en anglais) présente une façon sympathique pour faire des dessins. C’est pour cela que nous commençons notre aventure de programmation avec cet animal qui avance tout doucement à son propre rythme.\n\nOn s’imagine une tortue qui se déplace sur un canevas et laisse une trace.\n\nCi-dessous, vous trouvez notre premier programme de trois lignes :\n\n- dans la première ligne, nous importons toutes (`*`) les fonctions du module turtle,\n\n- avec `shape('turtle')`, nous affichons une tortue (au lieu de la flèche),\n\n- avec `forward(150)`, nous faisons avancer la tortue de 150 pixels,\n\n- avec `done()`, nous lançons de tracage de la figure."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 1\n\nAjoutez d’autres instructions telles que `backward()`, `left()` et `right()` pour faire un dessin."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"><b>A savoir:</b> Cliquez sur le bouton <b>Excécuter</b> pour tester le programme. </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": true,
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 1,
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+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\nleft(90)\nforward(150)\nbackward(300)\nforward(150)\nright(90)\nforward(150)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 1,
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### A retenir\nLa tortue peut se déplacer et dessiner une trace avec les 4 fonctions:\n\n- `forward(d)` pour avancer d'une distance `d` (en pixels)\n- `backward(d)` pour reculer\n- `left(a)` pour tourner à gauche d'un angle `a` (en degrés)\n- `right(a)` pour tourner à droite"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n## 1.2 Le canevas\n\nAu départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. Ce rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n\n- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n\n\n\n### Exercice 2\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous pour mener la tortue tout en bas du canevas. Ensuite, ajoutez une diagonale."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": true,
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(300)\nbackward(600)\nforward(300)\n\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\n\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\nleft(90)\nforward(150)\nbackward(300)\nforward(150)\nright(90)\nforward(150)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n## 1.3 Une séquence\n\nUn programme est une séquence d'instructions. Le bloc de 9 instructions ci-dessous indique comment dessiner un carré. La tortue doit avancer, tourner, avancer, tourner, etc.\n\n### Exercise 3\nModifiez ce code pour en faire un rectangle, au lieu d'un carré."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "outputs": [
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n\n## 1.4 Épaisseur de ligne\n\nLa fonction `width(d)` (épaisseur en anglais) permet de définir l'épaisseur de la ligne.\nVoici un triangle où chaque côté a une épaisseur différente.\n\n### Exercise 4\nExplorez différentes épaisseurs de ligne."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(5)\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(10)\nforward(200)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(5)\nforward(200)\nleft(120)\n\nwidth(10)\nforward(200)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
}
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n\n## 1.5 Maison avec toit\n\nNous dessinons une maison et marquons le toit par une ligne plus épaisse.\n\n### Exercise 5\nDoublez l'épaisseur du toit. Ensuite, doublez la hauteur de la maison."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(60)\nleft(45)\nwidth(5)\nforward(71)\nleft(90)\nforward(71)\nwidth(1)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(120)\nleft(45)\nwidth(10)\nforward(71)\nleft(90)\nforward(71)\nwidth(1)\nleft(45)\nforward(120)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n\n## 1.6 Raquette de ping-pong\n\nL'épaisseur de ligne est très utile dans le dessin.\n\n## Exercise 6\nTransformez la raquette de ping-pong en haltères de musculation."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(20)\nforward(100)\nwidth(80)\nforward(20)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(20)\nforward(100)\nwidth(80)\nforward(10)\n\nwidth(20)\nleft(180)\nforward(150)\nwidth(80)\nforward(10)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.7 Lunettes de soleil\n\nVoici encore un exemple où, avec un simple changement d'épaisseur, vous obtenez un effet très intéressant.\n\n### Exercise 7\nAjoutez la première branche qui manque."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\nleft(180)\nforward(60)\nright(45)\nforward(180)\nright(135)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.8 Commentaire\n\nLe symbole `#` indique un commentaire. Sur PC vous pouvez l'insérer avec **Alt Gr+3** ou **opt+3** sur Mac.\nUn commentaire permet d'ajouter une explication pour le lecteur humain. Il n'a aucune influence sur le programme. Python ignore tout simplement tout commentaire.\n\n## Exercise 8\nExpliquez dans chaque ligne ce que fait l'instruction."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 50\nforward(20) # avancer de 20 pas\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 50\nforward(20) # avancer de 20 pas\nwidth(10) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 10\nforward(60) # avancer de 60 pas\nwidth(50) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 50\nforward(20) # avancer de 20 pas\nwidth(10) # mettre l'épaisseur du trait à 10\nforward(40) # avancer de 40 pas\nleft(45) # tourner à gauche de 45°\nforward(60) # avancer de 60 pas\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### À retenir\nL'exercice précédent servait à expliciter pour un débutant en programmation la signification des commandes écrites en anglais. Normalement on ne fait pas ça, car un programmeur est censé connaitre la signification des commandes.\n\nLes commentaires servent à expliciter la vraie signification d'une partie du programme.\n\n## Exercise 9\nExpliquez cette fois ce que dessine chaque partie du programme (verre, pont, verre, charnière, branche)."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# dessiner le premier verre\nwidth(50) \nforward(20)\n\n# dessiner le pont (nez)\nwidth(10) \nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# dessiner le premier verre\nwidth(50) \nforward(20)\n\n# dessiner le pont (nez)\nwidth(10) \nforward(60)\n\n# dessiner le second verre\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\n\n# dessiner la monture\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\n\n# dessiner la branche\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.9 Équivalence\n\nLa tortue possède 4 fonctions de déplacement, mais à strictement parler, on pourrait s'en sortir avec seulement deux fonctions, `forward()` et `left()`, car :\n\n- `backward(d)` est équivalent à `forward(-d)`\n- `right(a)` est équivalent à `left(-a)`\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous, les 4 lignes du deuxième bloc sont équivalentes aux 4 instructions du premier bloc et donnent un résultat identique.\n\n### Exercice 10\nExpliquez avec un commentaire ce que font les 2 dernières instructions avant le `done()`.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\nbackward(-160) # équivalent à forward(160)\nright(-90) # équivalent à left(90)\nbackward(-100)\nright(-90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\nbackward(-160) # équivalent à forward(160)\nright(-90) # équivalent à left(90)\nbackward(-100) # avance de 100\nright(-90) # trouner à gauche de 90° \n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 11\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine un losange conformément au croquis ci-dessous.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(30)\nforward(100)\nleft(120)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(120)\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 12\nDessinez un hexagone régulier dont la longueur des côtés vaut 100 (voir la figure ci-dessous)."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<img src=\"data:image/svg+xml;base64,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\" />"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\nPour tracer un hexagone, la tortue doit tourner 6 fois. Comme un tour complet représente 360°, à chaque angle la tortue doit tourné de \\( \\frac{360}{6}=60 \\) degrés.\n </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 13\nDessinez une chaise."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nbackward(200)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 14\nCommenter le programme ci-dessous afin d'expliquer le but des différents blocs du code."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(30)\n\n# mettre votre commentaire\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# dessiner la base de la maison\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\n# avancer à la base de la porte\nforward(30)\n\n# dessiner la porte\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 15 *\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine une maison comme dans le schéma ci-dessous. Elle est formée de plusieurs triangles isocèles rectangles. La longueur des côtés du carré de base est de 185.\n\n\n\n*Exercice tiré du livre **L'informatique simplement** de J. Hromkovic et T. Kohn*"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\npour connaître la longueur du toit et des diagonles, utilisez le théorème de Pythagore.\n </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\nforward(185)\nleft(90)\nforward(185)\nleft(135)\nforward(262)\nleft(90)\nforward(131)\nleft(90)\nforward(131)\nleft(90)\nforward(262)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
}
+ ]
},
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/01b_Complement_Print.ipynb b/Notebooks/01b_Complement_Print.ipynb
index 6695a910cc806d45f646c0acf7934c5071b2e725..17a4aaf22a000f863599d65f43d150a449379406 100644
--- a/Notebooks/01b_Complement_Print.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/01b_Complement_Print.ipynb
@@ -1,205 +1,205 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# 1b. Compléments : Afficher de l'information\nDans ce notebook nous apporterons quelques compléments aux notions abordées dans le premier *notebook*\n\nLes programmes ne se limitent pas à la réalisation de graphiques. En fait, pendant longtemps, le seul moyen d'interagir avec un programme était par le biais du texte.\n\nPar conséquent, les programmes sont également capables de manipuler du texte, y compris de lire, d'écrire et d'afficher des textes sur un écran. Dans ce contexte, les commandes `from turtle import *` et `done()`, habituellement utilisées pour le dessin avec la tortue, deviennent inutiles. En terme informatique, les textes sont appelés des chaînes de caractères.\n<pre>\n\n\n</pre>\n## L'instruction Print\nLa première instruction que nous allons voir est la fonction print qui permet d'afficher du texte à l'écran.\n\nEn Python, l'instruction `print(\"blabla\")` affiche le texte `blabla` dans la console à droite. "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-warning\"> \n\n**Important: les parenthèses et les guillemets sont nécessaires.**\n\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nTeste le programme suivant en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"blabla\")",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "blabla\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nÉcris un programme qui permet d'afficher le texte `Vive l'instruction print !`, puis vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Afficher plusieurs lignes de texte\nPour afficher plusieurs lignes, il suffit de répéter l'instruction `print` avec un notre message.\nAinsi, le code suivant :\n\n```python\nprint(\"blabla\")\nprint(\"blibli\")\n```\n\naffichera une ligne ` blabla ` puis une ligne ` blibli`.\n\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nComplète le programme pour afficher pous afficher le texte sur trois lignes suivant:\n```\nBonjour !\nComment allez-vous ?\nIl fait beau aujourd'hui.\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"Bonjour !\")",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Des programmes qui calculent\n\nLa fonction `print` ne sert pas qu'à afficher du texte, elle permet également d'afficher le résultat d'expressions, notamment des opérations arithmétiques.\n\nPar exemple, `print(3+3)` affichera le résultat de l'opération, soit... `6`. "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-warning\"> \n\n**Important: Pour effectuer le calcul, il faut ôter les guillemets, sinon le programme affichera le l'expression et non sont résultat. Par exemple, l'instruction `print(\"3+3\")` afficherait simplement `3+3` et pas `6`**\n\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nTeste le code ci-dessous puis modifie-le afin d'afficher le résultat de **18975 + 98756** dans la console, et vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(3+3)",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Les opérations avec les nombres\n\nEn programmation `Python`, on a les opérateurs mathématiques suivant : \n* \\+ pour l'addition\n* \\- pour la soustraction\n* \\* pour la multiplication\n* \\/ pour la division\n* \\*\\* pour la puissance\n* \\// pour la division entière\n* \\% pour le reste de la division entière\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nTeste tous ces opérateurs pour bien comprendre les derniers, puis écris un code pour afficher le résultat de $(264 · 53)/22+274$ dans la console, et vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "execute_result",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "data": {
- "text/plain": "10192"
- },
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nNote sur une feuille de papier ce qui va être affiché par chacune des instructions suivantes:\n\n 1. print(3+5)\n 2. print(7*2)\n 3. print(8/4)\n 4. print(7/2)\n 5. print(7//2)\n 6. print(2**3)\n 7. print(13%5)\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponses\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\n1. `8`<br>\n2. `14`<br>\n3. `2`<br>\n4. `3.5`<br>\n5. `3`<br>\n6. `8`<br>\n7. `3`<br>\n \n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nQuelle opération pourrait-on utiliser pour reconnaître si un nombre est pair ou impair? (une opération qui donnerait toujours le même résultat si le nombre est pair et toujours le même résultat si le nombre est impair)\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nOn utilise le reste de la division entière (opérateur `%` par 2. Si le résultat est 0 le nombre est pair, si il vaut 1 c'est qu'il est impair. \n \n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nNote sur une feuille de papier ce qui va être affiché par chacune des instructions suivantes:\n\n 1. print(98145 % 2)\n 2. print(7841592 % 2)\n 3. print(879 % 10)\n "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponses\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\n1. `1`<br>\n2. `0`<br>\n3. `9`<br>\n\n \n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Afficher plusieurs valeurs dans un print\n\nIl est aussi possible d'afficher plusieurs valeurs sur la même ligne avec la commande `print`. Pour ce faire, il suffit de séparer les valeur avec des virgules.\nPar exemple, `print(\"Aujourd'hui, j'ai\", 20 * 2 + 1, \"ans\")` affichera `Aujourd'hui, j'ai 41 ans`.\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche `Dans une images codé en 24 bit il y a 2**24 couleurs` où à la place de `2**24` il y a le résultat du calcul (c'est-à-dire le résultat de $2^{24}$) . Vérifier en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche un sapin\n```\n X\n XXX\n XXXXX\nXXXXXXX\n X\n X\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche les annimaux suivants\n```\n|\\---/|\n| o_o |\n \\_^_/\n```\n\n```\n __\n .--()°'.'\n'|, . ,'\n !_-(_\\\n```\n\n*Voir sur [www.asciiart.eu](https://www.asciiart.eu/animals) d'autres idées*"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série A** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document a été élaboré par les enseignant du collège Sismondi à Genève. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# 1b. Compléments : Afficher de l'information\nDans ce notebook nous apporterons quelques compléments aux notions abordées dans le premier *notebook*\n\nLes programmes ne se limitent pas à la réalisation de graphiques. En fait, pendant longtemps, le seul moyen d'interagir avec un programme était par le biais du texte.\n\nPar conséquent, les programmes sont également capables de manipuler du texte, y compris de lire, d'écrire et d'afficher des textes sur un écran. Dans ce contexte, les commandes `from turtle import *` et `done()`, habituellement utilisées pour le dessin avec la tortue, deviennent inutiles. En terme informatique, les textes sont appelés des chaînes de caractères.\n<pre>\n\n\n</pre>\n## L'instruction Print\nLa première instruction que nous allons voir est la fonction print qui permet d'afficher du texte à l'écran.\n\nEn Python, l'instruction `print(\"blabla\")` affiche le texte `blabla` dans la console à droite. "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-warning\"> \n\n**Important: les parenthèses et les guillemets sont nécessaires.**\n\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nTeste le programme suivant en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"blabla\")",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": "blabla\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
}
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "name": "python3",
- "display_name": "Python 3",
- "language": "python"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nÉcris un programme qui permet d'afficher le texte `Vive l'instruction print !`, puis vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Afficher plusieurs lignes de texte\nPour afficher plusieurs lignes, il suffit de répéter l'instruction `print` avec un notre message.\nAinsi, le code suivant :\n\n```python\nprint(\"blabla\")\nprint(\"blibli\")\n```\n\naffichera une ligne ` blabla ` puis une ligne ` blibli`.\n\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nComplète le programme pour afficher pous afficher le texte sur trois lignes suivant:\n```\nBonjour !\nComment allez-vous ?\nIl fait beau aujourd'hui.\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"Bonjour !\")",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Des programmes qui calculent\n\nLa fonction `print` ne sert pas qu'à afficher du texte, elle permet également d'afficher le résultat d'expressions, notamment des opérations arithmétiques.\n\nPar exemple, `print(3+3)` affichera le résultat de l'opération, soit... `6`. "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-warning\"> \n\n**Important: Pour effectuer le calcul, il faut ôter les guillemets, sinon le programme affichera le l'expression et non sont résultat. Par exemple, l'instruction `print(\"3+3\")` afficherait simplement `3+3` et pas `6`**\n\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nTeste le code ci-dessous puis modifie-le afin d'afficher le résultat de **18975 + 98756** dans la console, et vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(3+3)",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Les opérations avec les nombres\n\nEn programmation `Python`, on a les opérateurs mathématiques suivant : \n* \\+ pour l'addition\n* \\- pour la soustraction\n* \\* pour la multiplication\n* \\/ pour la division\n* \\*\\* pour la puissance\n* \\// pour la division entière\n* \\% pour le reste de la division entière\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nTeste tous ces opérateurs pour bien comprendre les derniers, puis écris un code pour afficher le résultat de $(264 · 53)/22+274$ dans la console, et vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "execute_result",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": "10192"
+ },
+ "metadata": {}
}
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nNote sur une feuille de papier ce qui va être affiché par chacune des instructions suivantes:\n\n 1. print(3+5)\n 2. print(7*2)\n 3. print(8/4)\n 4. print(7/2)\n 5. print(7//2)\n 6. print(2**3)\n 7. print(13%5)\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponses\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\n1. `8`<br>\n2. `14`<br>\n3. `2`<br>\n4. `3.5`<br>\n5. `3`<br>\n6. `8`<br>\n7. `3`<br>\n \n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nQuelle opération pourrait-on utiliser pour reconnaître si un nombre est pair ou impair? (une opération qui donnerait toujours le même résultat si le nombre est pair et toujours le même résultat si le nombre est impair)\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nOn utilise le reste de la division entière (opérateur `%` par 2. Si le résultat est 0 le nombre est pair, si il vaut 1 c'est qu'il est impair. \n \n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nNote sur une feuille de papier ce qui va être affiché par chacune des instructions suivantes:\n\n 1. print(98145 % 2)\n 2. print(7841592 % 2)\n 3. print(879 % 10)\n "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponses\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\n1. `1`<br>\n2. `0`<br>\n3. `9`<br>\n\n \n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Afficher plusieurs valeurs dans un print\n\nIl est aussi possible d'afficher plusieurs valeurs sur la même ligne avec la commande `print`. Pour ce faire, il suffit de séparer les valeur avec des virgules.\nPar exemple, `print(\"Aujourd'hui, j'ai\", 20 * 2 + 1, \"ans\")` affichera `Aujourd'hui, j'ai 41 ans`.\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche `Dans une images codé en 24 bit il y a 2**24 couleurs` où à la place de `2**24` il y a le résultat du calcul (c'est-à-dire le résultat de $2^{24}$) . Vérifier en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche un sapin\n```\n X\n XXX\n XXXXX\nXXXXXXX\n X\n X\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche les annimaux suivants\n```\n|\\---/|\n| o_o |\n \\_^_/\n```\n\n```\n __\n .--()°'.'\n'|, . ,'\n !_-(_\\\n```\n\n*Voir sur [www.asciiart.eu](https://www.asciiart.eu/animals) d'autres idées*"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série A** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n"
},
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document a été élaboré par les enseignant du collège Sismondi à Genève. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "name": "python3",
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/01b_Complement_Print_corrige.ipynb b/Notebooks/01b_Complement_Print_corrige.ipynb
index 7cb8828c7b7f7ba8d6ff03852c11404bea9b41b9..30fc099d3ea33d47cbaccb59458e33b397be8c7d 100644
--- a/Notebooks/01b_Complement_Print_corrige.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/01b_Complement_Print_corrige.ipynb
@@ -1,361 +1,361 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# 1b. Compléments : Afficher de l'information\nDans ce notebook nous apporterons quelques compléments aux notions abordées dans le premier *notebook*\n\nLes programmes ne se limitent pas à la réalisation de graphiques. En fait, pendant longtemps, le seul moyen d'interagir avec un programme était par le biais du texte.\n\nPar conséquent, les programmes sont également capables de manipuler du texte, y compris de lire, d'écrire et d'afficher des textes sur un écran. Dans ce contexte, les commandes `from turtle import *` et `done()`, habituellement utilisées pour le dessin avec la tortue, deviennent inutiles. En terme informatique, les textes sont appelés des chaînes de caractères.\n<pre>\n\n\n</pre>\n## L'instruction Print\nLa première instruction que nous allons voir est la fonction print qui permet d'afficher du texte à l'écran.\n\nEn Python, l'instruction `print(\"blabla\")` affiche le texte `blabla` dans la console à droite. "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-warning\"> \n\n**Important: les parenthèses et les guillemets sont nécessaires.**\n\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nTeste le programme suivant en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"blabla\")",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "blabla\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nÉcris un programme qui permet d'afficher le texte `Vive l'instruction print !`, puis vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter",
- "execution_count": 3,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n \n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"Vive l'instruction print !\")",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "Vive l'instruction print !\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Afficher plusieurs lignes de texte\nPour afficher plusieurs lignes, il suffit de répéter l'instruction `print` avec un notre message.\nAinsi, le code suivant :\n\n```python\nprint(\"blabla\")\nprint(\"blibli\")\n```\n\naffichera une ligne ` blabla ` puis une ligne ` blibli`.\n\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nComplète le programme pour afficher pous afficher le texte sur trois lignes suivant:\n```\nBonjour !\nComment allez-vous ?\nIl fait beau aujourd'hui.\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"Bonjour !\")",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"Bonjour !\")\nprint(\"Comment allez-vous ?\")\nprint(\"Il fait beau aujourd'hui.\")",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "Bonjour !\nComment allez-vous ?\nIl fait beau aujourd'hui.\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Des programmes qui calculent\n\nLa fonction `print` ne sert pas qu'à afficher du texte, elle permet également d'afficher le résultat d'expressions, notamment des opérations arithmétiques.\n\nPar exemple, `print(3+3)` affichera le résultat de l'opération, soit... `6`. "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-warning\"> \n\n**Important: Pour effectuer le calcul, il faut ôter les guillemets, sinon le programme affichera le l'expression et non sont résultat. Par exemple, l'instruction `print(\"3+3\")` afficherait simplement `3+3` et pas `6`**\n\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nTeste le code ci-dessous puis modifie-le afin d'afficher le résultat de **18975 + 98756** dans la console, et vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(3+3)",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(18975 + 98756)",
- "execution_count": 4,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "117731\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Les opérations avec les nombres\n\nEn programmation `Python`, on a les opérateurs mathématiques suivant : \n* \\+ pour l'addition\n* \\- pour la soustraction\n* \\* pour la multiplication\n* \\\\ pour la division\n* \\*\\* pour la puissance\n* \\\\\\\\ pour la division entière\n* \\% pour le reste de la division entière\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nTeste tous ces opérateurs pour bien comprendre les derniers, puis écris un code pour afficher le résultat de $(264 · 53)/22+274$ dans la console, et vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "execute_result",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "data": {
- "text/plain": "10192"
- },
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print((264*53)/22+274)",
- "execution_count": 6,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "910.0\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nNote sur une feuille de papier ce qui va être affiché par chacune des instructions suivantes:\n\n 1. print(3+5)\n 2. print(7*2)\n 3. print(8/4)\n 4. print(5/2)\n 5. print(5//2)\n 6. print(2**3)\n 7. print(12%5)\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponses\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\n1. `8`<br>\n2. `14`<br>\n3. `2`<br>\n4. `2.5`<br>\n5. `2`<br>\n6. `8`<br>\n7. `2`<br>\n \n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nQuelle opération pourrait-on utiliser pour reconnaître si un nombre est pair ou impair? (une opération qui donnerait toujours le même résultat si le nombre est pair et toujours le même résultat si le nombre est impair)\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nOn utilise le reste de la division entière (opérateur `%` par 2. Si le résultat est 0 le nombre est pair, si il vaut 1 c'est qu'il est impair. \n \n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nNote sur une feuille de papier ce qui va être affiché par chacune des instructions suivantes:\n\n 1. print(98145 % 2)\n 2. print(7841592 % 2)\n 3. print(879 % 10)\n "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponses\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\n1. `1`<br>\n2. `0`<br>\n3. `9`<br>\n\n \n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Afficher plusieurs valeurs dans un print\n\nIl est aussi possible d'afficher plusieurs valeurs sur la même ligne avec la commande `print`. Pour ce faire, il suffit de séparer les valeur avec des virgules.\nPar exemple, `print(\"Aujourd'hui, j'ai\", 20 * 2 + 1, \"ans\")` affichera `Aujourd'hui, j'ai 41 ans`.\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche `Le résultat de 10192 / 13 est :` où à la place de `10192 / 13`il y a le résultat du calcul . Vérifier en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"Le résultat de \", 10192 / 13, \"est :\")",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "Le résultat de 784.0 est :\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche un sapin\n```\n X\n XXX\n XXXXX\nXXXXXXX\n X\n X\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\" X\")\nprint(\" XXX\")\nprint(\" XXXXX\")\nprint(\"XXXXXXX\")\nprint(\" X\")\nprint(\" X\")",
- "execution_count": 8,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": " X\n XXX\n XXXXX\nXXXXXXX\n X\n X\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche les annimaux suivants\n```\n|\\---/|\n| o_o |\n \\_^_/\n```\n\n```\n __\n .--()°'.'\n'|, . ,'\n !_-(_\\\n```\n\n*Voir sur [www.asciiart.eu](https://www.asciiart.eu/animals) d'autres idées*"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"|\\---/|\")\nprint(\"| o_o |\")\nprint(\" \\_^_/\")",
- "execution_count": 18,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "|\\---/|\n| o_o |\n \\_^_/\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true,
- "scrolled": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\" __\")\nprint(\" .--()°'.'\")\nprint(\"'|, . ,'\")\nprint(\" !_-(_ \", \"\\\\\")",
- "execution_count": 34,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": " __\n .--()°'.'\n'|, . ,'\n !_-(_ \\\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document a été élaboré par les enseignant du collège Sismondi à Genève. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# 1b. Compléments : Afficher de l'information\nDans ce notebook nous apporterons quelques compléments aux notions abordées dans le premier *notebook*\n\nLes programmes ne se limitent pas à la réalisation de graphiques. En fait, pendant longtemps, le seul moyen d'interagir avec un programme était par le biais du texte.\n\nPar conséquent, les programmes sont également capables de manipuler du texte, y compris de lire, d'écrire et d'afficher des textes sur un écran. Dans ce contexte, les commandes `from turtle import *` et `done()`, habituellement utilisées pour le dessin avec la tortue, deviennent inutiles. En terme informatique, les textes sont appelés des chaînes de caractères.\n<pre>\n\n\n</pre>\n## L'instruction Print\nLa première instruction que nous allons voir est la fonction print qui permet d'afficher du texte à l'écran.\n\nEn Python, l'instruction `print(\"blabla\")` affiche le texte `blabla` dans la console à droite. "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-warning\"> \n\n**Important: les parenthèses et les guillemets sont nécessaires.**\n\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nTeste le programme suivant en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"blabla\")",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": "blabla\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nÉcris un programme qui permet d'afficher le texte `Vive l'instruction print !`, puis vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n \n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"Vive l'instruction print !\")",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": "Vive l'instruction print !\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Afficher plusieurs lignes de texte\nPour afficher plusieurs lignes, il suffit de répéter l'instruction `print` avec un notre message.\nAinsi, le code suivant :\n\n```python\nprint(\"blabla\")\nprint(\"blibli\")\n```\n\naffichera une ligne ` blabla ` puis une ligne ` blibli`.\n\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nComplète le programme pour afficher pous afficher le texte sur trois lignes suivant:\n```\nBonjour !\nComment allez-vous ?\nIl fait beau aujourd'hui.\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"Bonjour !\")",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"Bonjour !\")\nprint(\"Comment allez-vous ?\")\nprint(\"Il fait beau aujourd'hui.\")",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": "Bonjour !\nComment allez-vous ?\nIl fait beau aujourd'hui.\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
}
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "name": "python3",
- "display_name": "Python 3",
- "language": "python"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Des programmes qui calculent\n\nLa fonction `print` ne sert pas qu'à afficher du texte, elle permet également d'afficher le résultat d'expressions, notamment des opérations arithmétiques.\n\nPar exemple, `print(3+3)` affichera le résultat de l'opération, soit... `6`. "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-warning\"> \n\n**Important: Pour effectuer le calcul, il faut ôter les guillemets, sinon le programme affichera le l'expression et non sont résultat. Par exemple, l'instruction `print(\"3+3\")` afficherait simplement `3+3` et pas `6`**\n\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nTeste le code ci-dessous puis modifie-le afin d'afficher le résultat de **18975 + 98756** dans la console, et vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(3+3)",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(18975 + 98756)",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": "117731\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Les opérations avec les nombres\n\nEn programmation `Python`, on a les opérateurs mathématiques suivant : \n* \\+ pour l'addition\n* \\- pour la soustraction\n* \\* pour la multiplication\n* \\\\ pour la division\n* \\*\\* pour la puissance\n* \\\\\\\\ pour la division entière\n* \\% pour le reste de la division entière\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nTeste tous ces opérateurs pour bien comprendre les derniers, puis écris un code pour afficher le résultat de $(264 · 53)/22+274$ dans la console, et vérifie en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "execute_result",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "data": {
+ "text/plain": "10192"
+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print((264*53)/22+274)",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": "910.0\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nNote sur une feuille de papier ce qui va être affiché par chacune des instructions suivantes:\n\n 1. print(3+5)\n 2. print(7*2)\n 3. print(8/4)\n 4. print(5/2)\n 5. print(5//2)\n 6. print(2**3)\n 7. print(12%5)\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponses\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\n1. `8`<br>\n2. `14`<br>\n3. `2`<br>\n4. `2.5`<br>\n5. `2`<br>\n6. `8`<br>\n7. `2`<br>\n \n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nQuelle opération pourrait-on utiliser pour reconnaître si un nombre est pair ou impair? (une opération qui donnerait toujours le même résultat si le nombre est pair et toujours le même résultat si le nombre est impair)\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nOn utilise le reste de la division entière (opérateur `%` par 2. Si le résultat est 0 le nombre est pair, si il vaut 1 c'est qu'il est impair. \n \n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nNote sur une feuille de papier ce qui va être affiché par chacune des instructions suivantes:\n\n 1. print(98145 % 2)\n 2. print(7841592 % 2)\n 3. print(879 % 10)\n "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponses\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\n1. `1`<br>\n2. `0`<br>\n3. `9`<br>\n\n \n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Afficher plusieurs valeurs dans un print\n\nIl est aussi possible d'afficher plusieurs valeurs sur la même ligne avec la commande `print`. Pour ce faire, il suffit de séparer les valeur avec des virgules.\nPar exemple, `print(\"Aujourd'hui, j'ai\", 20 * 2 + 1, \"ans\")` affichera `Aujourd'hui, j'ai 41 ans`.\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche `Le résultat de 10192 / 13 est :` où à la place de `10192 / 13`il y a le résultat du calcul . Vérifier en appuyant sur Ctrl + Enter."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"Le résultat de \", 10192 / 13, \"est :\")",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": "Le résultat de 784.0 est :\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche un sapin\n```\n X\n XXX\n XXXXX\nXXXXXXX\n X\n X\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\" X\")\nprint(\" XXX\")\nprint(\" XXXXX\")\nprint(\"XXXXXXX\")\nprint(\" X\")\nprint(\" X\")",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": " X\n XXX\n XXXXX\nXXXXXXX\n X\n X\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche les annimaux suivants\n```\n|\\---/|\n| o_o |\n \\_^_/\n```\n\n```\n __\n .--()°'.'\n'|, . ,'\n !_-(_\\\n```\n\n*Voir sur [www.asciiart.eu](https://www.asciiart.eu/animals) d'autres idées*"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"|\\---/|\")\nprint(\"| o_o |\")\nprint(\" \\_^_/\")",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": "|\\---/|\n| o_o |\n \\_^_/\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true,
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\" __\")\nprint(\" .--()°'.'\")\nprint(\"'|, . ,'\")\nprint(\" !_-(_ \", \"\\\\\")",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": " __\n .--()°'.'\n'|, . ,'\n !_-(_ \\\n",
+ "name": "stdout"
}
+ ]
},
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document a été élaboré par les enseignant du collège Sismondi à Genève. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "name": "python3",
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git "a/Notebooks/01c_Deuxi\303\250me_programme.ipynb" "b/Notebooks/01c_Deuxi\303\250me_programme.ipynb"
index 699b63fc94ab011e1fed7aa64f66b60ae4e14dc3..42b4bf41f49bd97d8af55a948bdad24ee13e7601 100644
--- "a/Notebooks/01c_Deuxi\303\250me_programme.ipynb"
+++ "b/Notebooks/01c_Deuxi\303\250me_programme.ipynb"
@@ -1,289 +1,289 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# Organisation et enregistrement des fichiers.\n\nIl est primordial et important que vous sauvegardez vos exercices. Vous avez deux alternatives:\n1. Dans votre dossier personnel “Mes documents” qui sera accessible depuis tous les ordinateurs du collège.\n2. Depuis votre Drive accessible depuis le site: https://eduge.ch. En sauvegardant dans votre drive, les fichiers seront accessibles depuis n’importe quel ordinateur ayant accès au WEB, donc depuis la maison.\n\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n**Attention:**\n \nLes fichiers sauvegardés sur le dossier “Bureau”, ne seront accessibles que depuis l’ordinateur où vous vous trouvez ! De plus, si le poste est réinstallé, vous perdez tout !!! Donc pas de sauvegarde de fichier sur le bureau.\n \n**Veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>\n\nNous vous conseillé de créer les dossiers suivants dans votre dossier “Mes documents” ou “Drive”:\n```\nMes documents\\\n Info_1ère\\\n Python\\\n Projet\\\n Exposé\\\n```\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# 1 Rappel: module Turtle\n## 1.1 Le module `turtle`\n\nNous continuons l’utilisation du module Turtle pour dessiner. Quelques rappels essentiels:\n* Pour importer toutes les fonctions du module turtle, il est obligatoire d’insérer, au début du programme, la ligne suivante:\n```python\nfrom turtle import *\n```\n\nOn s’imagine une tortue qui se déplace sur un canevas et laisse une trace.\n\nCi-dessous, vous trouvez notre premier programme de trois lignes :\n\n- dans la première ligne, nous importons toutes (`*`) les fonctions du module turtle,\n\n- avec `shape('turtle')`, nous affichons une tortue (au lieu de la flèche),\n\n- avec `forward(150)`, nous faisons avancer la tortue de 150 pixels,\n\n- avec `done()`, nous lançons de tracage de la figure.\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"><b>A savoir:</b> Cliquez sur le bouton <b>Excécuter</b> pour tester le programme. </div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 61,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "display_data",
- "data": {
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- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Quelques fonction de Turtle avec des exemples:\n\n| Fonction |Exemple|Commentaire|\n|:-------- |:------|:----------|\n|forward(x)|forward(150)|Trace un trait de 150 points|\n|backward(x)|backward(150)|Trace un trait “à reculons” de 150 points|\n|left(n)|left(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à gauche|\n|right(n)|right(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à droite|\n|width(x)|width(5)|Change l’épaisseur à 5 points|\n|color(\"c\")|color(\"yellow\")|Change la couleur du trait (mais aucun trait n’est tracé à ce moment). Notez les guillemets !|\n|penup()|penup()|Lève la tortue (permet de se déplacer sans dessiner)|\n|pendown()|pendown()|Baisse le stylo|"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "***\n\n## 1.2 Raquette de ping-pong\n\nL'épaisseur de ligne est très utile dans le dessin.\n\n### Exercice 1\nTransformez la raquette de ping-pong en haltères de musculation."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(20)\nforward(100)\nwidth(80)\nforward(20)\n\ndone()",
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- "outputs": [
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.3 Lunettes de soleil\n\nVoici encore un exemple où, avec un simple changement d'épaisseur, vous obtenez un effet très intéressant.\n\n### Exercice 2\nAjoutez la première branche qui manque."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
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- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.4 Équivalence\n\nLa tortue possède 4 fonctions de déplacement, mais à strictement parler, on pourrait s'en sortir avec seulement deux fonctions, `forward()` et `left()`, car :\n\n- `backward(d)` est équivalent à `forward(-d)`\n- `right(a)` est équivalent à `left(-a)`\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous, les 4 lignes du deuxième bloc sont équivalentes aux 4 instructions du premier bloc et donnent un résultat identique.\n\n### Exercice 3\nExpliquez avec un commentaire ce que font les 2 dernières instructions avant le `done()`.\n"
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\nbackward(-160) # équivalent à forward(160)\nright(-90) # équivalent à left(90)\nbackward(-100)\nright(-90)\n\ndone()",
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- "source": "## 1.5 Exercices d'entraînement "
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 4\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine un losange conformément au croquis ci-dessous.\n\n"
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- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 65,
- "outputs": [
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 5\nDessinez un hexagone régulier dont la longueur des côtés vaut 100 (voir la figure ci-dessous)."
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<img src=\"data:image/svg+xml;base64,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\" />"
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "*Exercice tiré du livre **L'informatique simplement** de J. Hromkovic et T. Kohn*"
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\nPour tracer un hexagone, la tortue doit tourner 6 fois. Comme un tour complet représente 360°, à chaque angle la tortue doit tourné de \\( \\frac{360}{6}=60 \\) degrés.\n </div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 66,
- "outputs": [
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- "metadata": {}
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- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 6\nDessinez une chaise."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 67,
- "outputs": [
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- "metadata": {}
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+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# Organisation et enregistrement des fichiers.\n\nIl est primordial et important que vous sauvegardez vos exercices. Vous avez deux alternatives:\n1. Dans votre dossier personnel “Mes documents” qui sera accessible depuis tous les ordinateurs du collège.\n2. Depuis votre Drive accessible depuis le site: https://eduge.ch. En sauvegardant dans votre drive, les fichiers seront accessibles depuis n’importe quel ordinateur ayant accès au WEB, donc depuis la maison.\n\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n**Attention:**\n \nLes fichiers sauvegardés sur le dossier “Bureau”, ne seront accessibles que depuis l’ordinateur où vous vous trouvez ! De plus, si le poste est réinstallé, vous perdez tout !!! Donc pas de sauvegarde de fichier sur le bureau.\n \n**Veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>\n\nNous vous conseillé de créer les dossiers suivants dans votre dossier “Mes documents” ou “Drive”:\n```\nMes documents\\\n Info_1ère\\\n Python\\\n Projet\\\n Exposé\\\n```\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# 1 Rappel: module Turtle\n## 1.1 Le module `turtle`\n\nNous continuons l’utilisation du module Turtle pour dessiner. Quelques rappels essentiels:\n* Pour importer toutes les fonctions du module turtle, il est obligatoire d’insérer, au début du programme, la ligne suivante:\n```python\nfrom turtle import *\n```\n\nOn s’imagine une tortue qui se déplace sur un canevas et laisse une trace.\n\nCi-dessous, vous trouvez notre premier programme de trois lignes :\n\n- dans la première ligne, nous importons toutes (`*`) les fonctions du module turtle,\n\n- avec `shape('turtle')`, nous affichons une tortue (au lieu de la flèche),\n\n- avec `forward(150)`, nous faisons avancer la tortue de 150 pixels,\n\n- avec `done()`, nous lançons de tracage de la figure.\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"><b>A savoir:</b> Cliquez sur le bouton <b>Excécuter</b> pour tester le programme. </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nshape('turtle')\nforward(150)\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 61,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 1.6 Les arcs et les cercles\nSi on souhaite que la tortue se déplace sans écrire (sans dessiner), on utilise l'instruction penup() ou up(), puis pour reprendre l'écriture, on utilise la fonction pendown() ou down().\n"
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+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Quelques fonction de Turtle avec des exemples:\n\n| Fonction |Exemple|Commentaire|\n|:-------- |:------|:----------|\n|forward(x)|forward(150)|Trace un trait de 150 points|\n|backward(x)|backward(150)|Trace un trait “à reculons” de 150 points|\n|left(n)|left(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à gauche|\n|right(n)|right(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à droite|\n|width(x)|width(5)|Change l’épaisseur à 5 points|\n|color(\"c\")|color(\"yellow\")|Change la couleur du trait (mais aucun trait n’est tracé à ce moment). Notez les guillemets !|\n|penup()|penup()|Lève la tortue (permet de se déplacer sans dessiner)|\n|pendown()|pendown()|Baisse le stylo|"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "***\n\n## 1.2 Raquette de ping-pong\n\nL'épaisseur de ligne est très utile dans le dessin.\n\n### Exercice 1\nTransformez la raquette de ping-pong en haltères de musculation."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(20)\nforward(100)\nwidth(80)\nforward(20)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 62,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 7\nLa fonction `circle(R, A)` permet de dessiner un arc de cercle de rayon R et d'angle A.\n\nModifier le code suivant pour comprendre comment la fonction circle(R, A) dessine. Essayer et modifer le code suvant avec les valeurs:\n* ``circle(100, 180)``\n* ``circle(100, 90)``\n\nEnsuite changer l'angle avant de dessiner, par exemple right(90) avant d'utiliser circle(100, 180)\n\n\n"
- },
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+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.3 Lunettes de soleil\n\nVoici encore un exemple où, avec un simple changement d'épaisseur, vous obtenez un effet très intéressant.\n\n### Exercice 2\nAjoutez la première branche qui manque."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(60)\nwidth(50)\nforward(20)\nwidth(10)\nforward(40)\nleft(45)\nforward(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 63,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ncircle(100, 180)\n\ndone()",
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.4 Équivalence\n\nLa tortue possède 4 fonctions de déplacement, mais à strictement parler, on pourrait s'en sortir avec seulement deux fonctions, `forward()` et `left()`, car :\n\n- `backward(d)` est équivalent à `forward(-d)`\n- `right(a)` est équivalent à `left(-a)`\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous, les 4 lignes du deuxième bloc sont équivalentes aux 4 instructions du premier bloc et donnent un résultat identique.\n\n### Exercice 3\nExpliquez avec un commentaire ce que font les 2 dernières instructions avant le `done()`.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\nbackward(-160) # équivalent à forward(160)\nright(-90) # équivalent à left(90)\nbackward(-100)\nright(-90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 8\nÀ l'aide des fonctions:\n* `circle(angle,rayon)`\n* `color(\"choix_de_couleur\")`\n* `penup()`\n* `pendown()`\n* `width(épaisseur)`\n* `forward(pixel)`\nDessiner les deux cercles suivants d'épaisseur 5 en choississant 2 couleurs pour le premier cercle et 4 couleurs pour le deuxième:\n\n\n"
- },
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.5 Exercices d'entraînement "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 4\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine un losange conformément au croquis ci-dessous.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 65,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 69,
- "outputs": [
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- "output_type": "display_data",
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- },
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
- },
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
+ "image/svg+xml": "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"50%\" height=\"auto\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_5dd0cbe364cf4f6e883a1cddab7050d6_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g></svg>"
+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 5\nDessinez un hexagone régulier dont la longueur des côtés vaut 100 (voir la figure ci-dessous)."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<img src=\"data:image/svg+xml;base64,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\" />"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "*Exercice tiré du livre **L'informatique simplement** de J. Hromkovic et T. Kohn*"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-info\"> \n <b> Indication</b>\n <br>\nPour tracer un hexagone, la tortue doit tourner 6 fois. Comme un tour complet représente 360°, à chaque angle la tortue doit tourné de \\( \\frac{360}{6}=60 \\) degrés.\n </div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 66,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exercice 9\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine une voiture de couleur bleue avec des roues noires plus épaisse.\n\n\n\n"
- },
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 6\nDessinez une chaise."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\n\n# à compléter...\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 67,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
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- "outputs": [
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 1.6 Les arcs et les cercles\nSi on souhaite que la tortue se déplace sans écrire (sans dessiner), on utilise l'instruction penup() ou up(), puis pour reprendre l'écriture, on utilise la fonction pendown() ou down().\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 7\nLa fonction `circle(R, A)` permet de dessiner un arc de cercle de rayon R et d'angle A.\n\nModifier le code suivant pour comprendre comment la fonction circle(R, A) dessine. Essayer et modifer le code suvant avec les valeurs:\n* ``circle(100, 180)``\n* ``circle(100, 90)``\n\nEnsuite changer l'angle avant de dessiner, par exemple right(90) avant d'utiliser circle(100, 180)\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ncircle(100, 180)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 68,
+ "outputs": [
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- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n"
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 8\nÀ l'aide des fonctions:\n* `circle(angle,rayon)`\n* `color(\"choix_de_couleur\")`\n* `penup()`\n* `pendown()`\n* `width(épaisseur)`\n* `forward(pixel)`\nDessiner les deux cercles suivants d'épaisseur 5 en choississant 2 couleurs pour le premier cercle et 4 couleurs pour le deuxième:\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 69,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
+ "image/svg+xml": "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"50%\" height=\"auto\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_df315967dab44098a0d863fe002a56bd_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g></svg>"
+ },
+ "metadata": {}
}
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exercice 9\nÉcrivez un programme qui dessine une voiture de couleur bleue avec des roues noires plus épaisse.\n\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 70,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
+ "image/svg+xml": "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"50%\" height=\"auto\" preserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 480\"><animate id=\"af_923078fb5d3e4983bf1c785c740ed120_0\" attributename=\"opacity\" attributetype=\"CSS\" from=\"1\" to=\"1\" begin=\"0s\" dur=\"1ms\" fill=\"freeze\"></animate><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g><g transform=\"translate(320 240)\"></g></svg>"
+ },
+ "metadata": {}
}
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n"
},
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/02_Boucle_for.ipynb b/Notebooks/02_Boucle_for.ipynb
index 7e9c9fb312f911f26bae58360f7893c637428ad8..abb408c054376040ebcf3ac938f5c06bd82c7fda 100644
--- a/Notebooks/02_Boucle_for.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/02_Boucle_for.ipynb
@@ -1,433 +1,433 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Rappel de quelques fonction de Turtle avec des exemples qui pourront vous servir\n\n| Fonction |Exemple|Commentaire|\n|:-------- |:------|:----------|\n|forward(x)|forward(150)|Trace un trait de 150 points|\n|backward(x)|backward(150)|Trace un trait “à reculons” de 150 points|\n|left(n)|left(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à gauche|\n|right(n)|right(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à droite|\n|width(x)|width(5)|Change l’épaisseur à 5 points|\n|color(\"c\")|color(\"yellow\")|Change la couleur du trait (mais aucun trait n’est tracé à ce moment). Notez les guillemets !|\n|penup()|penup()|Lève la tortue (permet de se déplacer sans dessiner)|\n|pendown()|pendown()|Baisse le stylo|"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# 2. Répéter - `for`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous découvrons comment utiliser une boucle `for` pour répéter un bloc d'instructions un certain nombre de fois. Nous allons voir que :\n\n* la boucle `for` permet de répéter des instructions,\n* la structure `for _ in range(n):` permet de répéter un bloc un nombre `n` fois,\n* les instructions, qui sont répétées, sont celles qui suivent le `:` et qui sont indentées (décalées à droite). En effet, le langage python, n'a pas de end for pour indiquer la fin de la boucle. Le langage utilise l'indentation pour signifier qu'une suite d'instruction fait partie de la boucle.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nUne boucle informatique est\n\nA) une instruction\nB) un passage ondulé\nC) une section de code répétée\nD) une protection thermique\nE) un cercle dessiné par \"Turtle\"\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nC) une section de code répétée\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 2.1 La répétition\n\nRevenons vers un exemple simple : dessiner un carré.\n\nSi nous regardons le code de près, nous pouvons voir que nous répétons 4 fois les mêmes deux instructions `forward()` et `left()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Ne serait-ce pas pratique de pouvoir dire à la tortue de répéter ces instructions 4 fois ?\nCeci est possible avec une boucle `for`. \n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Transformez le carré en triangle.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-warning\"><b>A savoir:</b> \n \nPour distinguer les instructions qui seront répétées de celles qui ne le seront pas, on <b>indente</b> le code, c'est-à-dire que toutes les instructions qui suivent le `for` qui commencent par un espacement seront répétées le nombre de fois explicité dans le `range`. Après les répétitions le programme exécutera la permière instruction qui n'est pas indentée.\n\nNB: Vous être libre de choisir l'espace d'indentation mais soyez rigoureux avec votre choix et garder la même valeur pour tout votre programme. Nous utilisons en général un espace de 4 caractères ou la <b>touche Tabulation</b> pour rendre les codes plus lisibles.\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\n\nUne indentation de texte est\n\nA) un décalage vers la gauche\nB) un décalage vers la droite\nC) une mise en paragraphe\nD) une mise en sous-section\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) un décalage vers la droite\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nAvez-vous compris la notion d'indentation ?\nDans l'exemple ci-dessous (juste après la question/réponses) combien de fois le texte \"Au revoir\" va être affiché ?\nEssayer de répondre puis exécuter le programme qui suit pour vérifier votre réponse\n\nA) 0 fois\nB) 1 fois\nC) 5 fois\nD) le code fera une une erreur à cause de l'indentation dans la boucle for\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# Dans cette exemple l'instruction B ne fait pas partie de la boucle.\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n print(\"Hello\")\n print(\"----------\")\nprint(\"Au revoir\")",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) 1 fois\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 2.3 Faire des figures avec les boucles\n\n### Polygone régulier\nAvec une boucle `for`, nous pouvons simplifier le dessin des formes symétriques."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\n1. Utiliser une boucle pour réécrire le programme ci-dessous "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "scrolled": true,
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "2. Quelle est la figure dessinée ?"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous pour tracer un octogone. Un octogone régulier (mêmes longueur de côtés, mmêmes angles) est un polygone à huit sommets, donc huit côtés.\n\nLe programme doit faire moins de 5 lignes."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Escalier\n\nPour dessiner un escalier, il faut simplement répéter dans une boucle le dessin pour une seule marche.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n right(90)\n\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Pour dessiner des dents de scie, il faut simplement répéter dans une boucle le dessin pour une seule dent.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nDessinez une usine avec un toit en dents de scie.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n right(135)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nforward(80)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Éventail\n\nQue se passe-t-il si nous dessinons une ligne (`forward()`/`backward()`) et tournons chaque fois d'un petit angle ?\nC'est un peu comme un éventail qui s'ouvre.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nDoublez l'angle de rotation dans `left()`."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(100)\n backward(100)\n left(10)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nQue se passe-t-il si nous avançons plus que nous reculons ?\nUne toute petite modification du programme peut faire une chouette différence.\n\nModifiez les valeurs dans `forward()` et `backward()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(100)\n backward(90)\n left(20)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Étoile\n\nVoici une autre façon de toujours avancer, mais en tournant chaque fois d'un angle un peu plus petit que 180°.\nEssayons !\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nEssayez de changer le nombre de pics de l'étoile."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(9):\n forward(200)\n left(160)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Cercle\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCompléter la boucle for pour dessiner trois cercles rouge de rayon 50 collés les uns aux autres comme sur le dessin:\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "##### Rappels: \n\n- La fonction `circle(R, A)` permet de dessiner un arc de cercle de rayon `R` et d'angle `A`.\nExemple: `circle(100, 360)` dessine un cercle de rayon 100.\n- Les fonctions `penup()` et `pendown()` permettent de lever, respectivement baisser, le stylo.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ncolor('red')\nfor _ in range(3):\n # a compléter\n\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n## 2.4 Explorer \"La tortue\"\n\nVoici quelques fonctions de la tortue.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Estampe\n\nVous pouvez laisser une impression de la tortue à sa position actuelle avec la fonction `stamp()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nshape('turtle')\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n stamp()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Forme\n\nVous pouvez changer la forme de votre tortue avec la fonction `shape()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>Essayez les formes 'triangle', 'arrow', 'circle' et 'square'.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nshape('turtle')\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n stamp()\n\ndone()\n\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 2.5 Les erreurs\n\nIl est important de bien lire et comprendre les messages d'erreur.\nDans cette section, vous allez découvrir les différentes catégories d'erreur et comment les corriger.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### ImportError\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous essayez d'importer un module qui n'existe pas.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\n1. Corrigez l'erreur d'importation.\n2. Testez le programme pour vérifier qu'il fonctionne."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtl import *\n\nfor i in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### <font color='red'>SyntaxError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous écrivez mal un mot-clé, ou si vous oubliez une ponctuation. Dans ce cas, le mot-clé mal écrit n'est pas reconnu et il n'est pas colorié correctement dans votre code.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de syntaxe et remarquez les éventuelles différences de stylisation.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "fro turtle import *\n\nfore i in range(3)\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### <font color='red'>NameError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous écrivez mal le nom d'une variable ou fonction.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de nom.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range():\n forwarde(100)\n lefft(120)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### <font color='red'>TypeError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous ne mettez pas le nombre d'arguments corrects pour une fonction.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de type.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range():\n forward()\n left(100, 120)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 14 </h3>\n\nRéécrire le code suivant en remplaçant par une boucle `for` partout où c’est possible.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 15 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série B** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 3
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
- "version": "3.11.2"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Rappel de quelques fonction de Turtle avec des exemples qui pourront vous servir\n\n| Fonction |Exemple|Commentaire|\n|:-------- |:------|:----------|\n|forward(x)|forward(150)|Trace un trait de 150 points|\n|backward(x)|backward(150)|Trace un trait “à reculons” de 150 points|\n|left(n)|left(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à gauche|\n|right(n)|right(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à droite|\n|width(x)|width(5)|Change l’épaisseur à 5 points|\n|color(\"c\")|color(\"yellow\")|Change la couleur du trait (mais aucun trait n’est tracé à ce moment). Notez les guillemets !|\n|penup()|penup()|Lève la tortue (permet de se déplacer sans dessiner)|\n|pendown()|pendown()|Baisse le stylo|"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# 2. Répéter - `for`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous découvrons comment utiliser une boucle `for` pour répéter un bloc d'instructions un certain nombre de fois. Nous allons voir que :\n\n* la boucle `for` permet de répéter des instructions,\n* la structure `for _ in range(n):` permet de répéter un bloc un nombre `n` fois,\n* les instructions, qui sont répétées, sont celles qui suivent le `:` et qui sont indentées (décalées à droite). En effet, le langage python, n'a pas de end for pour indiquer la fin de la boucle. Le langage utilise l'indentation pour signifier qu'une suite d'instruction fait partie de la boucle.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nUne boucle informatique est\n\nA) une instruction\nB) un passage ondulé\nC) une section de code répétée\nD) une protection thermique\nE) un cercle dessiné par \"Turtle\"\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nC) une section de code répétée\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 2.1 La répétition\n\nRevenons vers un exemple simple : dessiner un carré.\n\nSi nous regardons le code de près, nous pouvons voir que nous répétons 4 fois les mêmes deux instructions `forward()` et `left()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Ne serait-ce pas pratique de pouvoir dire à la tortue de répéter ces instructions 4 fois ?\nCeci est possible avec une boucle `for`. \n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Transformez le carré en triangle.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-warning\"><b>A savoir:</b> \n \nPour distinguer les instructions qui seront répétées de celles qui ne le seront pas, on <b>indente</b> le code, c'est-à-dire que toutes les instructions qui suivent le `for` qui commencent par un espacement seront répétées le nombre de fois explicité dans le `range`. Après les répétitions le programme exécutera la permière instruction qui n'est pas indentée.\n\nNB: Vous être libre de choisir l'espace d'indentation mais soyez rigoureux avec votre choix et garder la même valeur pour tout votre programme. Nous utilisons en général un espace de 4 caractères ou la <b>touche Tabulation</b> pour rendre les codes plus lisibles.\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\n\nUne indentation de texte est\n\nA) un décalage vers la gauche\nB) un décalage vers la droite\nC) une mise en paragraphe\nD) une mise en sous-section\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) un décalage vers la droite\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nAvez-vous compris la notion d'indentation ?\nDans l'exemple ci-dessous (juste après la question/réponses) combien de fois le texte \"Au revoir\" va être affiché ?\nEssayer de répondre puis exécuter le programme qui suit pour vérifier votre réponse\n\nA) 0 fois\nB) 1 fois\nC) 5 fois\nD) le code fera une une erreur à cause de l'indentation dans la boucle for\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# Dans cette exemple l'instruction B ne fait pas partie de la boucle.\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n print(\"Hello\")\n print(\"----------\")\nprint(\"Au revoir\")",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) 1 fois\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 2.3 Faire des figures avec les boucles\n\n### Polygone régulier\nAvec une boucle `for`, nous pouvons simplifier le dessin des formes symétriques."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\n1. Utiliser une boucle pour réécrire le programme ci-dessous "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": true,
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "2. Quelle est la figure dessinée ?"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous pour tracer un octogone. Un octogone régulier (mêmes longueur de côtés, mmêmes angles) est un polygone à huit sommets, donc huit côtés.\n\nLe programme doit faire moins de 5 lignes."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Escalier\n\nPour dessiner un escalier, il faut simplement répéter dans une boucle le dessin pour une seule marche.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n right(90)\n\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Pour dessiner des dents de scie, il faut simplement répéter dans une boucle le dessin pour une seule dent.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nDessinez une usine avec un toit en dents de scie.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n right(135)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nforward(80)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Éventail\n\nQue se passe-t-il si nous dessinons une ligne (`forward()`/`backward()`) et tournons chaque fois d'un petit angle ?\nC'est un peu comme un éventail qui s'ouvre.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nDoublez l'angle de rotation dans `left()`."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(100)\n backward(100)\n left(10)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nQue se passe-t-il si nous avançons plus que nous reculons ?\nUne toute petite modification du programme peut faire une chouette différence.\n\nModifiez les valeurs dans `forward()` et `backward()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(100)\n backward(90)\n left(20)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Étoile\n\nVoici une autre façon de toujours avancer, mais en tournant chaque fois d'un angle un peu plus petit que 180°.\nEssayons !\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nEssayez de changer le nombre de pics de l'étoile."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(9):\n forward(200)\n left(160)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Cercle\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCompléter la boucle for pour dessiner trois cercles rouge de rayon 50 collés les uns aux autres comme sur le dessin:\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "##### Rappels: \n\n- La fonction `circle(R, A)` permet de dessiner un arc de cercle de rayon `R` et d'angle `A`.\nExemple: `circle(100, 360)` dessine un cercle de rayon 100.\n- Les fonctions `penup()` et `pendown()` permettent de lever, respectivement baisser, le stylo.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ncolor('red')\nfor _ in range(3):\n # a compléter\n\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n## 2.4 Explorer \"La tortue\"\n\nVoici quelques fonctions de la tortue.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Estampe\n\nVous pouvez laisser une impression de la tortue à sa position actuelle avec la fonction `stamp()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nshape('turtle')\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n stamp()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Forme\n\nVous pouvez changer la forme de votre tortue avec la fonction `shape()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>Essayez les formes 'triangle', 'arrow', 'circle' et 'square'.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nshape('turtle')\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n stamp()\n\ndone()\n\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 2.5 Les erreurs\n\nIl est important de bien lire et comprendre les messages d'erreur.\nDans cette section, vous allez découvrir les différentes catégories d'erreur et comment les corriger.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### ImportError\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous essayez d'importer un module qui n'existe pas.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\n1. Corrigez l'erreur d'importation.\n2. Testez le programme pour vérifier qu'il fonctionne."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtl import *\n\nfor i in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### <font color='red'>SyntaxError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous écrivez mal un mot-clé, ou si vous oubliez une ponctuation. Dans ce cas, le mot-clé mal écrit n'est pas reconnu et il n'est pas colorié correctement dans votre code.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de syntaxe et remarquez les éventuelles différences de stylisation.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "fro turtle import *\n\nfore i in range(3)\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### <font color='red'>NameError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous écrivez mal le nom d'une variable ou fonction.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de nom.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range():\n forwarde(100)\n lefft(120)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### <font color='red'>TypeError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous ne mettez pas le nombre d'arguments corrects pour une fonction.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de type.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range():\n forward()\n left(100, 120)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 14 </h3>\n\nRéécrire le code suivant en remplaçant par une boucle `for` partout où c’est possible.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 15 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série B** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.11.2"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/02_Boucle_for_avec_solution.ipynb b/Notebooks/02_Boucle_for_avec_solution.ipynb
index f8542fad23ba60922782534815aa41a844ffd73f..de075e54ba8f2fe7b690bb4527fd98f1f14b73bf 100644
--- a/Notebooks/02_Boucle_for_avec_solution.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/02_Boucle_for_avec_solution.ipynb
@@ -1,568 +1,568 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### A faire avant de commençer\n**Cliquez sur Exécuter tout** dans le menu **Cellule**.\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# 2. Répéter - `for`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous découvrons comment utiliser une boucle `for` pour répéter un bloc d'instructions un certain nombre de fois. Nous allons voir que :\n\n* la boucle `for` permet de répéter des instructions,\n* la structure `for _ in range(n):` permet de répéter un bloc un nombre `n` fois,\n* les instructions, qui sont répétées, sont celles qui suivent le `:` et qui sont indentées (décalées à droite). En effet, le langage python, n'a pas de end for pour indiquer la fin de la boucle. Le langage utilise l'indentation pour signifier qu'une suite d'instruction fait partie de la boucle.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nUne boucle informatique est\n\nA) une instruction\nB) un passage ondulé\nC) une section de code répétée\nD) une protection thermique\nE) un cercle dessiné par \"Turtle\"\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nC) une section de code répétée\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 2.1 La répétition\n\nRevenons vers un exemple simple : dessiner un carré.\n\nSi nous regardons le code de près, nous pouvons voir que nous répétons 4 fois les mêmes deux instructions `forward()` et `left()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Ne serait-ce pas pratique de pouvoir dire à la tortue de répéter ces instructions 4 fois ?\nCeci est possible avec une boucle `for`. \n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Transformez le carré en triangle.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-warning\"><b>A savoir:</b> \n \nPour distinguer les instructions qui seront répétées de celles qui ne le seront pas, on <b>indente</b> le code, c'est-à-dire que toutes les instructions qui suivent le `for` qui commencent par un espacement seront répétées le nombre de fois explicité dans le `range`. Après les répétitions le programme exécutera la permière instruction qui n'est pas indentée.\n\nNB: Vous être libre de choisir l'espace d'indentation mais soyez rigoureux avec votre choix et garder la même valeur pour tout votre programme. Nous utilisons en général un espace de 4 caractères ou la <b>touche Tabulation</b> pour rendre les codes plus lisibles.\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\n\nUne indentation de texte est\n\nA) un décalage vers la gauche\nB) un décalage vers la droite\nC) une mise en paragraphe\nD) une mise en sous-section\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) un décalage vers la droite\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nAvez-vous compris la notion d'indentation ?\nDans l'exemple ci-dessous (juste après la question/réponses) combien de fois le texte \"Au revoir\" va être affiché ?\nEssayer de répondre puis exécuter le programme qui suit pour vérifier votre réponse\n\nA) 0 fois\nB) 1 fois\nC) 5 fois\nD) le code fera une une erreur à cause de l'indentation dans la boucle for\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# Dans cette exemple l'instruction B ne fait pas partie de la boucle.\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n print(\"Hello\")\n print(\"----------\")\nprint(\"Au revoir\")",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) 1 fois\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 2.3 Faire des figures avec les boucles\n\n### Polygone régulier\nAvec une boucle `for`, nous pouvons simplifier le dessin des formes symétriques."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\n1. Utiliser une boucle pour réécrire le programme ci-dessous "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "scrolled": true
- },
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "scrolled": true,
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "2. Quelle est la figure dessinée ?"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : C'est un hexagone."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous pour tracer un octogone. Un octogone régulier (mêmes longueur de côtés, mmêmes angles) est un polygone à huit sommets, donc huit côtés.\n\nLe programme doit faire moins de 5 lignes."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n\nfor _ in range(8):\n forward(70)\n left(45)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Escalier\n\nPour dessiner un escalier, il faut simplement répéter dans une boucle le dessin pour une seule marche.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n right(90)\n\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Pour dessiner des dents de scie, il faut simplement répéter dans une boucle le dessin pour une seule dent.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nDessinez une usine avec un toit en dents de scie.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n right(135)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nforward(80)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nwidth(3)\nfor _ in range(6):\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n right(135)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nright(90)\nforward(100)\nright(90)\nforward(50*6)\nright(90)\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Éventail\n\nQue se passe-t-il si nous dessinons une ligne (`forward()`/`backward()`) et tournons chaque fois d'un petit angle ?\nC'est un peu comme un éventail qui s'ouvre.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nDoublez l'angle de rotation dans `left()`."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(100)\n backward(100)\n left(10)\n\ndone()\n```Python"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(100)\n backward(100)\n left(20)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nQue se passe-t-il si nous avançons plus que nous reculons ?\nUne toute petite modification du programme peut faire une chouette différence.\n\nModifiez les valeurs dans `forward()` et `backward()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(130)\n backward(90)\n left(20)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Étoile\n\nVoici une autre façon de toujours avancer, mais en tournant chaque fois d'un angle un peu plus petit que 180°.\nEssayons !\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nEssayez de changer le nombre de pics de l'étoile."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(9):\n forward(200)\n left(160)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Premièrement pour ce type d'étoile, il faut que le nombre de sommet soit impair sinon le nombre de trait ne peut pas être égal au nombre de sommets.\n\nPour trouver l'angle on peut utiliser le théorème de l'angle au centre. En effet, si il y a $n$ pics, alors l'angle au centre sera de $\\frac{360°}{n}$ donc l'angle interne de chaque pic est des $\\frac{\\frac{360°}{n}}{2}=\\frac{180°}{n}$ donc après chque sommet la tortue devra tourner de $180°-\\frac{180°}{n}$"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nspeed(10)\nfor _ in range(17):\n forward(200)\n left(180-180/17)\n\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Cercle\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCompléter la boucle for pour dessiner trois cercles rouge de rayon 50 collés les uns aux autres comme sur le dessin:\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ncolor('red')\nfor _ in range(3):\n # a ompléter\n \n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "##### Rappel: \n\n\nLa fonction `circle(R, A)` permet de dessiner un arc de cercle de rayon `R` et d'angle `A`.\n\nExemple: `circle(100, 360)` dessine un cercle de rayon 100.\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ncolor('red')\nfor _ in range(3):\n circle(50, 360)\n penup()\n forward(100)\n pendown()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 2.4 Explorer \"La tortue\"\n\nVoici quelques fonctions de la tortue.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Estampe\n\nVous pouvez laisser une impression de la tortue à sa position actuelle avec la fonction `stamp()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nshape('turtle')\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n stamp()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Forme\n\nVous pouvez changer la forme de votre tortue avec la fonction `shape()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>Essayez les formes 'triangle', 'arrow', 'circle' et 'square'.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nshape('triangle')\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n stamp()\n\ndone()\n\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## 2.5 Les erreurs\n\nIl est important de bien lire et comprendre les messages d'erreur.\nDans cette section, vous allez découvrir les différentes catégories d'erreur et comment les corriger.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### ImportError\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous essayez d'importer un module qui n'existe pas.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\n1. Corrigez l'erreur d'importation.\n2. Testez le programme pour vérifier qu'il fonctionne."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtl import *\n\nfor i in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor i in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### <font color='red'>SyntaxError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous écrivez mal un mot-clé, ou si vous oubliez une ponctuation. Dans ce cas, le mot-clé mal écrit n'est pas reconnu et il n'est pas colorié correctement dans votre code.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de syntaxe et remarquez les éventuelles différences de stylisation.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfro turtle import *\n\nfore i in range(3)\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor i in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### <font color='red'>NameError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous écrivez mal le nom d'une variable ou fonction.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de nom.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(n):\n forwarde(100)\n lefft(120)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### <font color='red'>TypeError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous ne mettez pas le nombre d'arguments corrects pour une fonction.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de type.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range():\n forward()\n left(100, 120)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 14 </h3>\n\nRéécrire le code suivant en remplaçant par une boucle `for` partout où c’est possible.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4)\n forward(20)\n right(40)\n\nfor _ in range(2)\n forward(-40)\n left(30)\n\nfor _ in range(2) \n forward(20)\n right(40)\n\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 15 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série B** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 3
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
- "version": "3.11.2"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### A faire avant de commençer\n**Cliquez sur Exécuter tout** dans le menu **Cellule**.\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# 2. Répéter - `for`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous découvrons comment utiliser une boucle `for` pour répéter un bloc d'instructions un certain nombre de fois. Nous allons voir que :\n\n* la boucle `for` permet de répéter des instructions,\n* la structure `for _ in range(n):` permet de répéter un bloc un nombre `n` fois,\n* les instructions, qui sont répétées, sont celles qui suivent le `:` et qui sont indentées (décalées à droite). En effet, le langage python, n'a pas de end for pour indiquer la fin de la boucle. Le langage utilise l'indentation pour signifier qu'une suite d'instruction fait partie de la boucle.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nUne boucle informatique est\n\nA) une instruction\nB) un passage ondulé\nC) une section de code répétée\nD) une protection thermique\nE) un cercle dessiné par \"Turtle\"\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nC) une section de code répétée\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 2.1 La répétition\n\nRevenons vers un exemple simple : dessiner un carré.\n\nSi nous regardons le code de près, nous pouvons voir que nous répétons 4 fois les mêmes deux instructions `forward()` et `left()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Ne serait-ce pas pratique de pouvoir dire à la tortue de répéter ces instructions 4 fois ?\nCeci est possible avec une boucle `for`. \n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Transformez le carré en triangle.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-warning\"><b>A savoir:</b> \n \nPour distinguer les instructions qui seront répétées de celles qui ne le seront pas, on <b>indente</b> le code, c'est-à-dire que toutes les instructions qui suivent le `for` qui commencent par un espacement seront répétées le nombre de fois explicité dans le `range`. Après les répétitions le programme exécutera la permière instruction qui n'est pas indentée.\n\nNB: Vous être libre de choisir l'espace d'indentation mais soyez rigoureux avec votre choix et garder la même valeur pour tout votre programme. Nous utilisons en général un espace de 4 caractères ou la <b>touche Tabulation</b> pour rendre les codes plus lisibles.\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\n\nUne indentation de texte est\n\nA) un décalage vers la gauche\nB) un décalage vers la droite\nC) une mise en paragraphe\nD) une mise en sous-section\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) un décalage vers la droite\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nAvez-vous compris la notion d'indentation ?\nDans l'exemple ci-dessous (juste après la question/réponses) combien de fois le texte \"Au revoir\" va être affiché ?\nEssayer de répondre puis exécuter le programme qui suit pour vérifier votre réponse\n\nA) 0 fois\nB) 1 fois\nC) 5 fois\nD) le code fera une une erreur à cause de l'indentation dans la boucle for\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# Dans cette exemple l'instruction B ne fait pas partie de la boucle.\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n print(\"Hello\")\n print(\"----------\")\nprint(\"Au revoir\")",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse (Cliquer pour dévoiler)\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) 1 fois\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 2.3 Faire des figures avec les boucles\n\n### Polygone régulier\nAvec une boucle `for`, nous pouvons simplifier le dessin des formes symétriques."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\n1. Utiliser une boucle pour réécrire le programme ci-dessous "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\nforward(100)\nleft(60)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": true,
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "2. Quelle est la figure dessinée ?"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : C'est un hexagone."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous pour tracer un octogone. Un octogone régulier (mêmes longueur de côtés, mmêmes angles) est un polygone à huit sommets, donc huit côtés.\n\nLe programme doit faire moins de 5 lignes."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n\nfor _ in range(8):\n forward(70)\n left(45)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Escalier\n\nPour dessiner un escalier, il faut simplement répéter dans une boucle le dessin pour une seule marche.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n right(90)\n\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Pour dessiner des dents de scie, il faut simplement répéter dans une boucle le dessin pour une seule dent.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nDessinez une usine avec un toit en dents de scie.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n right(135)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nforward(80)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nwidth(3)\nfor _ in range(6):\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n right(135)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nright(90)\nforward(100)\nright(90)\nforward(50*6)\nright(90)\nforward(100)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Éventail\n\nQue se passe-t-il si nous dessinons une ligne (`forward()`/`backward()`) et tournons chaque fois d'un petit angle ?\nC'est un peu comme un éventail qui s'ouvre.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nDoublez l'angle de rotation dans `left()`."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(100)\n backward(100)\n left(10)\n\ndone()\n```Python"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(100)\n backward(100)\n left(20)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nQue se passe-t-il si nous avançons plus que nous reculons ?\nUne toute petite modification du programme peut faire une chouette différence.\n\nModifiez les valeurs dans `forward()` et `backward()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(18):\n forward(130)\n backward(90)\n left(20)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Étoile\n\nVoici une autre façon de toujours avancer, mais en tournant chaque fois d'un angle un peu plus petit que 180°.\nEssayons !\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nEssayez de changer le nombre de pics de l'étoile."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(9):\n forward(200)\n left(160)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Premièrement pour ce type d'étoile, il faut que le nombre de sommet soit impair sinon le nombre de trait ne peut pas être égal au nombre de sommets.\n\nPour trouver l'angle on peut utiliser le théorème de l'angle au centre. En effet, si il y a $n$ pics, alors l'angle au centre sera de $\\frac{360°}{n}$ donc l'angle interne de chaque pic est des $\\frac{\\frac{360°}{n}}{2}=\\frac{180°}{n}$ donc après chque sommet la tortue devra tourner de $180°-\\frac{180°}{n}$"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nspeed(10)\nfor _ in range(17):\n forward(200)\n left(180-180/17)\n\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Cercle\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCompléter la boucle for pour dessiner trois cercles rouge de rayon 50 collés les uns aux autres comme sur le dessin:\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ncolor('red')\nfor _ in range(3):\n # a ompléter\n \n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "##### Rappel: \n\n\nLa fonction `circle(R, A)` permet de dessiner un arc de cercle de rayon `R` et d'angle `A`.\n\nExemple: `circle(100, 360)` dessine un cercle de rayon 100.\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ncolor('red')\nfor _ in range(3):\n circle(50, 360)\n penup()\n forward(100)\n pendown()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 2.4 Explorer \"La tortue\"\n\nVoici quelques fonctions de la tortue.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Estampe\n\nVous pouvez laisser une impression de la tortue à sa position actuelle avec la fonction `stamp()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nshape('turtle')\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n stamp()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Forme\n\nVous pouvez changer la forme de votre tortue avec la fonction `shape()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>Essayez les formes 'triangle', 'arrow', 'circle' et 'square'.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nshape('triangle')\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n forward(100)\n left(60)\n stamp()\n\ndone()\n\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## 2.5 Les erreurs\n\nIl est important de bien lire et comprendre les messages d'erreur.\nDans cette section, vous allez découvrir les différentes catégories d'erreur et comment les corriger.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### ImportError\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous essayez d'importer un module qui n'existe pas.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\n1. Corrigez l'erreur d'importation.\n2. Testez le programme pour vérifier qu'il fonctionne."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtl import *\n\nfor i in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor i in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### <font color='red'>SyntaxError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous écrivez mal un mot-clé, ou si vous oubliez une ponctuation. Dans ce cas, le mot-clé mal écrit n'est pas reconnu et il n'est pas colorié correctement dans votre code.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de syntaxe et remarquez les éventuelles différences de stylisation.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfro turtle import *\n\nfore i in range(3)\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor i in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### <font color='red'>NameError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous écrivez mal le nom d'une variable ou fonction.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de nom.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(n):\n forwarde(100)\n lefft(120)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### <font color='red'>TypeError</font>\n\nCette erreur survient lorsque vous ne mettez pas le nombre d'arguments corrects pour une fonction.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 </h3>Corrigez les trois erreurs de type.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range():\n forward()\n left(100, 120)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 14 </h3>\n\nRéécrire le code suivant en remplaçant par une boucle `for` partout où c’est possible.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(20)\nright(40)\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4)\n forward(20)\n right(40)\n\nfor _ in range(2)\n forward(-40)\n left(30)\n\nfor _ in range(2) \n forward(20)\n right(40)\n\nforward(-40)\nleft(30)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 15 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série B** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.11.2"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/02b_Complement_sur_les_cercles.ipynb b/Notebooks/02b_Complement_sur_les_cercles.ipynb
index 1631b8154bf94d555c2ae95afc749936e4b369c3..11f2102790f3c44609627007ca0566156a7b966e 100644
--- a/Notebooks/02b_Complement_sur_les_cercles.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/02b_Complement_sur_les_cercles.ipynb
@@ -1,197 +1,197 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# Complément sur les cercles\n\n**Rappel** :\n\n- la fonction `circle(r)` dessine un cercle de rayon `r`, vers la gauche,\n- la fonction `circle(-r)` dessine un cercle de rayon `r`, vers la droite,\n- la fonction `circle(r, a)` dessine un arc de cercle de rayon `r` avec un angle `a`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Fonction `circle()`\n\nLa fonction `circle(r)` dessine un cercle de rayon `r`.\nCe cercle est dessiné :\n\n- vers la gauche si `r` est positif,\n- vers la droite si `r` est négatif.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "**Rappel** de quelques fonction Turtle avec des exemples qui pourront vous servir\n\n| Fonction |Exemple|Commentaire|\n|:-------- |:------|:----------|\n|forward(x)|forward(150)|Trace un trait de 150 points|\n|backward(x)|backward(150)|Trace un trait “à reculons” de 150 points|\n|left(n)|left(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à gauche|\n|right(n)|right(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à droite|\n|width(x)|width(5)|Change l’épaisseur à 5 points|\n|color(\"c\")|color(\"yellow\")|Change la couleur du trait (mais aucun trait n’est tracé à ce moment). Notez les guillemets !|\n|penup()|penup()|Lève la tortue (permet de se déplacer sans dessiner)|\n|pendown()|pendown()|Baisse le stylo|"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\ncircle(20)\ncircle(40)\ncircle(60)\ncircle(80)\n\ncircle(-20)\ncircle(-40)\ncircle(-60)\ncircle(-80)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Fleur\n\nDessinons des cercles dans une boucle, et tournons chaque fois.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Modifiez le nombre de répétitions et l'angle de rotation.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n circle(50)\n left(60)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Arc de cercle\n\nCette fonction peut avoir un deuxième paramètre sous la forme `circle(r, angle)`,\noù `angle` représente l'angle de l'arc de cercle dessiné.\nPar défaut, l'angle est de 360°, donc un cercle entier.\n\nVoici un exemple qui utilise deux demi-cercles de 180°.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nDessinez un bonhomme de neige et utilisez `dot()` pour les yeux.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\ncircle(40, 180)\nforward(50)\ncircle(-30)\nforward(50)\ncircle(40, 180)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Carré arrondi\n\nAvec la fonction `circle()`, il est maintenant possible de dessiner un carré dont les coins sont arrondis.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Dessinez maintenant un rectangle avec des coins arrondis.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n circle(20, 90)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Pac-Man\n\nPac-Man est un jeu vidéo créé par l’entreprise japonaise Namco, sorti au Japon en 1980. Le jeu consiste à déplacer Pac-Man, un personnage qui ressemble à un diagramme circulaire à l’intérieur d’un labyrinthe, afin de lui faire manger toutes les pac-gommes qui s’y trouvent en évitant d’être touchées par des fantômes.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Ajoutez l'œil de Pac-Man, et les points qu'il mange.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfillcolor('yellow')\nbegin_fill()\nleft(30)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\ncircle(100, 300)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nend_fill()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Cœur\n\nLe cœur est le symbole de l'amour : on donne de façon métaphorique son cœur à la personne que l'on aime pour lui signifier qu'on lui confie sa vie.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>Coloriez le cœur en rouge, ajoutez une flèche.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nr = 50\n\nleft(90)\ncircle(r, 225)\nforward(2.4*r)\nleft(90)\nforward(2.4*r)\ncircle(r, 225)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Infini — ∞\n\nLe mot **infini** (du latin in-, préfixe négatif, et finitus, *limité*) est un adjectif servant à qualifier quelque chose qui n'a pas de limite en nombre ou en taille. L'infini est représenté par le symbole ∞. Nous allons le dessiner.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>Augmentez un des rayons à `2*r` et ajustez la longueur des segments droits.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nright(45)\nforward(50)\ncircle(50, 270) # aumentez le rayon à 2*r\nforward(2*50)\ncircle(-50, 270)\nforward(50)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Bretzel - ⌘\n\nLe pictogramme ⌘ (Unicode 2318), parfois appelé *Gordon loop* ou *bretzel*, a été dessiné par Susan Kare lors de la création du premier Macintosh pour sa touche de commande. Il sert de préfixe à d'autres touches pour construire des raccourcis tels que :\n\n- ⌘-X pour couper\n- ⌘-C pour copier\n- ⌘-V pour coller\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>Modifiez le bretzel pour avoir 3 ou 4 boucles.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n circle(40, 270)\n forward(3*40)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n \n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n\n "
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 3
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
- "version": "3.10.12"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# Complément sur les cercles\n\n**Rappel** :\n\n- la fonction `circle(r)` dessine un cercle de rayon `r`, vers la gauche,\n- la fonction `circle(-r)` dessine un cercle de rayon `r`, vers la droite,\n- la fonction `circle(r, a)` dessine un arc de cercle de rayon `r` avec un angle `a`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Fonction `circle()`\n\nLa fonction `circle(r)` dessine un cercle de rayon `r`.\nCe cercle est dessiné :\n\n- vers la gauche si `r` est positif,\n- vers la droite si `r` est négatif.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "**Rappel** de quelques fonction Turtle avec des exemples qui pourront vous servir\n\n| Fonction |Exemple|Commentaire|\n|:-------- |:------|:----------|\n|forward(x)|forward(150)|Trace un trait de 150 points|\n|backward(x)|backward(150)|Trace un trait “à reculons” de 150 points|\n|left(n)|left(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à gauche|\n|right(n)|right(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à droite|\n|width(x)|width(5)|Change l’épaisseur à 5 points|\n|color(\"c\")|color(\"yellow\")|Change la couleur du trait (mais aucun trait n’est tracé à ce moment). Notez les guillemets !|\n|penup()|penup()|Lève la tortue (permet de se déplacer sans dessiner)|\n|pendown()|pendown()|Baisse le stylo|"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\ncircle(20)\ncircle(40)\ncircle(60)\ncircle(80)\n\ncircle(-20)\ncircle(-40)\ncircle(-60)\ncircle(-80)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Fleur\n\nDessinons des cercles dans une boucle, et tournons chaque fois.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Modifiez le nombre de répétitions et l'angle de rotation.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n circle(50)\n left(60)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Arc de cercle\n\nCette fonction peut avoir un deuxième paramètre sous la forme `circle(r, angle)`,\noù `angle` représente l'angle de l'arc de cercle dessiné.\nPar défaut, l'angle est de 360°, donc un cercle entier.\n\nVoici un exemple qui utilise deux demi-cercles de 180°.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nDessinez un bonhomme de neige et utilisez `dot()` pour les yeux.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(100)\ncircle(40, 180)\nforward(50)\ncircle(-30)\nforward(50)\ncircle(40, 180)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Carré arrondi\n\nAvec la fonction `circle()`, il est maintenant possible de dessiner un carré dont les coins sont arrondis.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Dessinez maintenant un rectangle avec des coins arrondis.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n circle(20, 90)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Pac-Man\n\nPac-Man est un jeu vidéo créé par l’entreprise japonaise Namco, sorti au Japon en 1980. Le jeu consiste à déplacer Pac-Man, un personnage qui ressemble à un diagramme circulaire à l’intérieur d’un labyrinthe, afin de lui faire manger toutes les pac-gommes qui s’y trouvent en évitant d’être touchées par des fantômes.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Ajoutez l'œil de Pac-Man, et les points qu'il mange.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfillcolor('yellow')\nbegin_fill()\nleft(30)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\ncircle(100, 300)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nend_fill()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Cœur\n\nLe cœur est le symbole de l'amour : on donne de façon métaphorique son cœur à la personne que l'on aime pour lui signifier qu'on lui confie sa vie.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>Coloriez le cœur en rouge, ajoutez une flèche.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nr = 50\n\nleft(90)\ncircle(r, 225)\nforward(2.4*r)\nleft(90)\nforward(2.4*r)\ncircle(r, 225)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Infini — ∞\n\nLe mot **infini** (du latin in-, préfixe négatif, et finitus, *limité*) est un adjectif servant à qualifier quelque chose qui n'a pas de limite en nombre ou en taille. L'infini est représenté par le symbole ∞. Nous allons le dessiner.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>Augmentez un des rayons à `2*r` et ajustez la longueur des segments droits.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nright(45)\nforward(50)\ncircle(50, 270) # aumentez le rayon à 2*r\nforward(2*50)\ncircle(-50, 270)\nforward(50)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Bretzel - ⌘\n\nLe pictogramme ⌘ (Unicode 2318), parfois appelé *Gordon loop* ou *bretzel*, a été dessiné par Susan Kare lors de la création du premier Macintosh pour sa touche de commande. Il sert de préfixe à d'autres touches pour construire des raccourcis tels que :\n\n- ⌘-X pour couper\n- ⌘-C pour copier\n- ⌘-V pour coller\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>Modifiez le bretzel pour avoir 3 ou 4 boucles.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n circle(40, 270)\n forward(3*40)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n \n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n\n "
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.10.12"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/03_fonction_simple.ipynb b/Notebooks/03_fonction_simple.ipynb
index 3dffebbc16f4473cd0e8de6531bef66d576b0bed..a9a618203cacb92bb013a8ae656645d3a809eed6 100644
--- a/Notebooks/03_fonction_simple.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/03_fonction_simple.ipynb
@@ -1,449 +1,449 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# Le fonctions simples"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Rappel de quelques fonction de Turtle avec des exemples qui pourront vous servir\n\n| Fonction |Exemple|Commentaire|\n|:-------- |:------|:----------|\n|forward(x)|forward(150)|Trace un trait de 150 points|\n|backward(x)|backward(150)|Trace un trait “à reculons” de 150 points|\n|left(n)|left(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à gauche|\n|right(n)|right(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à droite|\n|width(x)|width(5)|Change l’épaisseur à 5 points|\n|color(\"c\")|color(\"yellow\")|Change la couleur du trait (mais aucun trait n’est tracé à ce moment). Notez les guillemets !|\n|penup()|penup()|Lève la tortue (permet de se déplacer sans dessiner)|\n|pendown()|pendown()|Baisse le stylo|\n|circle(R, A)|circle(100, 180)|Dessine un demi-cercle (angle de 180°) de rayon 100 points|\n|stamp()|stamp()|Laisse une impression de la tortue à sa position actuelle|\n|shape(forme)|shape('circle')|Change la forme de la tortue|"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# Définir - `def`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous allons découvrir comment augmenter le vocabulaire de notre langage de programmation en définissant de nouvelles instructions, qu'on appelle aussi **fonction**. Ceci permet de rendre un code plus compact, mais surtout plus lisible. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- le mot-clé `def` permet de nommer (définir) une séquence,\n- le bloc qui suit doit être en **indentation** (décalé à droite),"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nUne fonction permet de\n\nA) donner un nom à une séquence\nB) augmenter le vocabulaire du langage de programmation\nC) nous dire si ça fonctionne\nD) rendre un programme plus lisible\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nA) donner un nom à une séquence\n\nB) augmenter le vocabulaire du langage de programmation\n\nD) rendre un programme plus lisible\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Nommer une séquence\n\nDessiner un rectangle est assez utile. C'est une forme qu'on pourra réutiliser certainement souvent. Il serait pratique de définir un nom pour ces 8 lignes de code. Pouvons-nous définir de nouvelles commandes ?\n```Python\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Oui, c'est possible. Avec le mot-clé `def`, nous pouvons définir une nouvelle commande que nous pouvons par exemple appeler `rectangle()`.\nCette façon de créer un raccourci est appelée **définir** une fonction.\nLe code à exécuter suit l'expression `def rectangle():` et se trouve en **indentation** (décalé vers la droite).\n\nEnsuite, il suffit d'écrire `rectangle()` pour dessiner un rectangle. On appelle ceci **appeler** une fonction.\nRappelez-vous ceci :\n\n- on définit une fonction une seule fois,\n- on appelle une fonction autant de fois que l'on veut,\n- si on ne l'appelle pas, elle n'est pas exécutée et il ne se passe rien.\n\nDéfinir une fonction nous permet de réduire le nombre de lignes de code nécessaires.\nChaque fois que nous utilisons `rectangle()`,\nau lieu d'écrire 8 lignes, nous écrivons seulement une ligne de code."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nDessinez encore d'autres rectangles en appelant la nouvelle fonction `rectangle()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle():\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nRappel: Une indentation de texte est\n\nA) un décalage vers la gauche\nB) un décalage vers la droite\nC) une mise en paragraphe\nD) une mise en sous-section\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nB) un décalage vers la droite\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Donner du sens\n\nUne fonction ne permet pas seulement d'économiser des lignes de code.\nElle permet aussi de structurer le code et de lui donner un sens. Considérez par exemple le code ci-dessous. Il est presque impossible de comprendre ce que fait le programme en regardant les 17 lignes de code.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Si nous observons la tortue, nous comprenons finalement qu'elle dessine deux fois un rectangle. Nous pouvons même interpréter cette image et donner le sens de bâtiment au premier rectangle, et de porte au second.\n\nEssayons maintenant de découper le code en **sous-programmes** en utilisant deux fonctions `batiment()` et `porte()`.\nEn regardant ces 3 lignes de code, on comprend immédiatement le sens du programme.\n\n``` python\nbatiment()\nforward(30) # repositionner la tortue\nporte()\n```\n\nLa définition d'une fonction permet d'ajouter de nouveaux mots à un langage de programmation. Contrairement aux commandes natives de Python qui sont toutes en anglais, nous sommes libres de les choisir en français.\n\n**Attention** : écrivez les fonctions sans accents et sans circonflexes : `batiment()`, `carre()`, `boite()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>Ajoutez une deuxième porte au bâtiment. Ensuite, faites-en une porte double.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef batiment():\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndef porte():\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nbatiment()\nforward(30)\nporte()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n\nÀ combien de lignes de code la fonction `porte()` est-elle équivalente ?\n\n\n```\nA) 1 ligne\nB) 2 lignes\nC) 8 lignes\nD) 17 lignes\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ta réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) 8 lignes\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Définir une fonction\n\nLe fait de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions est appelé **définir une fonction**. Une **définition de fonction** comporte :\n\n1. le mot-clé `def` (définir),\n1. le nom de la fonction (`batiment/porte`),\n1. les parenthèses `()`,\n1. le deux-points `:`,\n1. un bloc en indentation.\n\nQu'est-ce qu'un bloc en indentation ?\nC'est un bloc de texte qui comporte des espaces vides à gauche. En Python, ces espaces apparaissent en multiples de 4.\n\nL'indentation est très importante en Python. C'est l'indentation qui indique l'étendue des instructions qui font partie de la fonction.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nParmi les 4 définitions de fonction ci-dessous, laquelle est correcte ?\n\nA) def() rectangle:\nB) def: rectangle\nC) def rectangle():\nD) def(rectangle):\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) def rectangle():\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Indenter avec un raccourci\n\nComme l'indentation est tellement importante en Python, il en existe un raccourci.\nIl faut d'abord sélectionner **les lignes** de code dont vous voulez changer l'indentation.\nEnsuite, vous appuyez sur :\n\n- la touche **tab** pour augmenter l'indentation\n- la touche **maj+tab** pour diminuer l'indentation\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nEssayez ces raccourcis dans le code ci-dessous. Transformez le code en deux fonctions `batiment()` et `porte()`, que vous appelez ensuite.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Voici encore un raccourci très utile : **maj(ou Shift)+Enter** pour exécuter le code.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Maison avec porte\n\nUne fois qu'une fonction est définie, elle peut être utilisée partout, même dans la définition d'une autre fonction.\n\nIci, nous avons une fonction `porte()`, qui est utilisée à l'intérieur d'une deuxième fonction `maison()`. Pour que ceci soit possible, la définition de porte doit être placée avant la définition de `maison()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Déplacez la porte vers le milieu de la maison, et dessinez une deuxième maison à coté.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef porte():\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n\ndef maison():\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(60)\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n left(90)\n forward(71)\n left(45)\n forward(60)\n left(90)\n porte()\n\nmaison()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Plus sur \"La tortue\"\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Le point `dot()`\n\nLa fonction `dot()` dessine un point à la position actuelle de la tortue."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nAjoutez un point (`dot`) au sommet du triangle.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle():\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n forward(100)\n\ntriangle()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Lever le stylo\n\nLes deux commandes `up()` et `down()` permettent de lever et de baisser le stylo.\nCeci nous permet de dessiner des formes séparées, comme ici le petit i avec son point.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>Transformez le i vers un i avec trema (deux points).\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef i():\n dot()\n pendown() # poser le stylo\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n penup() # lever le stylo\n forward(50)\n dot()\n backward(2*50)\n right(90)\n forward(50/2) # avancer à la prochaine lettre\n\ni()\ni()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous en ajoutant des appels à la fonction `forme_mystere()` pour pour créer le dessin suivant:\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# Définition de la fonction mystère\ndef forme_mystere():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n right(90)\n\n\nforme_mystere()\n# à compléter \n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# Code à factoriser\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "2. Définissez une fonction `hexagone()` qui permet de tracer des hexagones et utilisez-là pour réduire le nombre d’instructions du programme précédent. En utilisant une boucle `for` avec `hexagone()`, votre programme ne devrait pas dépasser 10 lignes."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef #a compléter\n #a compléter\n\n#a compléter\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nTestez le programme ci-dessous, puis modifiez le en définissant au début une fonction `carre100()` qui dessine un carré de longueur 100 afin d'obtenir un programme structuré sans répétition inutile."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\n\nleft(180)\n\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\nDans le programme ci-dessous:\n\n1. Définissez une fonction `triangle100()` pour dessiner un triangle équilatéral de côté 100 comme dans l’illustration A.\n \n2. Utilisez `triangle100()` pour dessiner une forme comme dans l’illustration B.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nUtilisez les commandes `carre100()` et `triangle100()` définies dans les exercices 9 et 10 pour dessiner une figure semblable à celle représentée ci-dessous.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous:\n\n1. Définissez une fonction `carre_ouvert()` qui dessine un carré ouvert comme dans l’illustration A.\n\n \n2. Utilisez `carre_ouvert()` pour dessiner une croix comme dans l’illustration B.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 </h3>\n\nCréez une fonction `paquebot()` et utilisez pour dessiner deux paquebots."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\npenup()\nleft(125)\nforward(30)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n pendown()\n circle(10, 360)\n penup()\n forward(30)\n \n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 14 </h3>\n\nUtilisez l'instruction `carre100()` définie dans l'exercices 9 pour réaliser le programme qui dessine d’abord 2 carrés décalés d’un angle de 20° (figure A) et ensuite la figure avec 18 carrés (figure B)..\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 15 </h3>Coloriez la fleur.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef petale():\n for _ in range(2):\n circle(100, 120)\n left(60)\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n petale()\n left(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 16 </h3>\n\nAjoutez une fonction `m()` pour écrire le mot `nom`. Ajoutez ensuite des fonctions qui dessinent les lettres pour écrire votre prénom.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nwidth(5)\n\ndef n():\n down()\n left(90)\n forward(2*30) # montée\n backward(30) # retour au milieu\n circle(-30, 180) # demi-cercle\n forward(30) # descente\n left(90)\n up()\n forward(30) # avance vers la prochaine lettre\n\ndef o():\n forward(30) # avance vers milieu\n down()\n circle(30)\n up()\n forward(2*30) # avance vers prochaine lettre\n\nn()\no()\nn()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 17</h3>\n\nDessinez et coloriez un jardin. Définissez des fonctions pour des pétales, feuilles et fleurs.\n\n*Indication: Inspirez vous de l'exercice 15.*"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n# Prénom Nom, classe\n\ndot(1000, 'lightgreen') # background\n\ndef petale():\n ...\ndef feuille():\n ...\ndef fleur():\n dot(50, 'red')\n\nfeuille()\nforward(200)\nfleur()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 18 (meubles) </h3>\n\nDéfinissez 3 fonctions pour dessiner une chaise, une table et un lit.\nEnsuite placez plusieurs meubles dans l'espace\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef chaise():\n # à compléter...\n\ndef table():\n # à compléter...\n\ndef lit():\n # à compléter...\n\nchaise()\ntable()\nlit()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 19 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série D** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 3
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
- "version": "3.10.12"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# Le fonctions simples"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Rappel de quelques fonction de Turtle avec des exemples qui pourront vous servir\n\n| Fonction |Exemple|Commentaire|\n|:-------- |:------|:----------|\n|forward(x)|forward(150)|Trace un trait de 150 points|\n|backward(x)|backward(150)|Trace un trait “à reculons” de 150 points|\n|left(n)|left(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à gauche|\n|right(n)|right(60)|Tourne sur place la tortue de 60° à droite|\n|width(x)|width(5)|Change l’épaisseur à 5 points|\n|color(\"c\")|color(\"yellow\")|Change la couleur du trait (mais aucun trait n’est tracé à ce moment). Notez les guillemets !|\n|penup()|penup()|Lève la tortue (permet de se déplacer sans dessiner)|\n|pendown()|pendown()|Baisse le stylo|\n|circle(R, A)|circle(100, 180)|Dessine un demi-cercle (angle de 180°) de rayon 100 points|\n|stamp()|stamp()|Laisse une impression de la tortue à sa position actuelle|\n|shape(forme)|shape('circle')|Change la forme de la tortue|"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# Définir - `def`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous allons découvrir comment augmenter le vocabulaire de notre langage de programmation en définissant de nouvelles instructions, qu'on appelle aussi **fonction**. Ceci permet de rendre un code plus compact, mais surtout plus lisible. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- le mot-clé `def` permet de nommer (définir) une séquence,\n- le bloc qui suit doit être en **indentation** (décalé à droite),"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nUne fonction permet de\n\nA) donner un nom à une séquence\nB) augmenter le vocabulaire du langage de programmation\nC) nous dire si ça fonctionne\nD) rendre un programme plus lisible\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nA) donner un nom à une séquence\n\nB) augmenter le vocabulaire du langage de programmation\n\nD) rendre un programme plus lisible\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Nommer une séquence\n\nDessiner un rectangle est assez utile. C'est une forme qu'on pourra réutiliser certainement souvent. Il serait pratique de définir un nom pour ces 8 lignes de code. Pouvons-nous définir de nouvelles commandes ?\n```Python\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Oui, c'est possible. Avec le mot-clé `def`, nous pouvons définir une nouvelle commande que nous pouvons par exemple appeler `rectangle()`.\nCette façon de créer un raccourci est appelée **définir** une fonction.\nLe code à exécuter suit l'expression `def rectangle():` et se trouve en **indentation** (décalé vers la droite).\n\nEnsuite, il suffit d'écrire `rectangle()` pour dessiner un rectangle. On appelle ceci **appeler** une fonction.\nRappelez-vous ceci :\n\n- on définit une fonction une seule fois,\n- on appelle une fonction autant de fois que l'on veut,\n- si on ne l'appelle pas, elle n'est pas exécutée et il ne se passe rien.\n\nDéfinir une fonction nous permet de réduire le nombre de lignes de code nécessaires.\nChaque fois que nous utilisons `rectangle()`,\nau lieu d'écrire 8 lignes, nous écrivons seulement une ligne de code."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nDessinez encore d'autres rectangles en appelant la nouvelle fonction `rectangle()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle():\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nRappel: Une indentation de texte est\n\nA) un décalage vers la gauche\nB) un décalage vers la droite\nC) une mise en paragraphe\nD) une mise en sous-section\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nB) un décalage vers la droite\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Donner du sens\n\nUne fonction ne permet pas seulement d'économiser des lignes de code.\nElle permet aussi de structurer le code et de lui donner un sens. Considérez par exemple le code ci-dessous. Il est presque impossible de comprendre ce que fait le programme en regardant les 17 lignes de code.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Si nous observons la tortue, nous comprenons finalement qu'elle dessine deux fois un rectangle. Nous pouvons même interpréter cette image et donner le sens de bâtiment au premier rectangle, et de porte au second.\n\nEssayons maintenant de découper le code en **sous-programmes** en utilisant deux fonctions `batiment()` et `porte()`.\nEn regardant ces 3 lignes de code, on comprend immédiatement le sens du programme.\n\n``` python\nbatiment()\nforward(30) # repositionner la tortue\nporte()\n```\n\nLa définition d'une fonction permet d'ajouter de nouveaux mots à un langage de programmation. Contrairement aux commandes natives de Python qui sont toutes en anglais, nous sommes libres de les choisir en français.\n\n**Attention** : écrivez les fonctions sans accents et sans circonflexes : `batiment()`, `carre()`, `boite()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>Ajoutez une deuxième porte au bâtiment. Ensuite, faites-en une porte double.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef batiment():\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndef porte():\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nbatiment()\nforward(30)\nporte()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n\nÀ combien de lignes de code la fonction `porte()` est-elle équivalente ?\n\n\n```\nA) 1 ligne\nB) 2 lignes\nC) 8 lignes\nD) 17 lignes\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Ta réponse : "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) 8 lignes\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Définir une fonction\n\nLe fait de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions est appelé **définir une fonction**. Une **définition de fonction** comporte :\n\n1. le mot-clé `def` (définir),\n1. le nom de la fonction (`batiment/porte`),\n1. les parenthèses `()`,\n1. le deux-points `:`,\n1. un bloc en indentation.\n\nQu'est-ce qu'un bloc en indentation ?\nC'est un bloc de texte qui comporte des espaces vides à gauche. En Python, ces espaces apparaissent en multiples de 4.\n\nL'indentation est très importante en Python. C'est l'indentation qui indique l'étendue des instructions qui font partie de la fonction.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nParmi les 4 définitions de fonction ci-dessous, laquelle est correcte ?\n\nA) def() rectangle:\nB) def: rectangle\nC) def rectangle():\nD) def(rectangle):\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) def rectangle():\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Indenter avec un raccourci\n\nComme l'indentation est tellement importante en Python, il en existe un raccourci.\nIl faut d'abord sélectionner **les lignes** de code dont vous voulez changer l'indentation.\nEnsuite, vous appuyez sur :\n\n- la touche **tab** pour augmenter l'indentation\n- la touche **maj+tab** pour diminuer l'indentation\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nEssayez ces raccourcis dans le code ci-dessous. Transformez le code en deux fonctions `batiment()` et `porte()`, que vous appelez ensuite.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Voici encore un raccourci très utile : **maj(ou Shift)+Enter** pour exécuter le code.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Maison avec porte\n\nUne fois qu'une fonction est définie, elle peut être utilisée partout, même dans la définition d'une autre fonction.\n\nIci, nous avons une fonction `porte()`, qui est utilisée à l'intérieur d'une deuxième fonction `maison()`. Pour que ceci soit possible, la définition de porte doit être placée avant la définition de `maison()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Déplacez la porte vers le milieu de la maison, et dessinez une deuxième maison à coté.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef porte():\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n\ndef maison():\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(60)\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n left(90)\n forward(71)\n left(45)\n forward(60)\n left(90)\n porte()\n\nmaison()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Plus sur \"La tortue\"\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Le point `dot()`\n\nLa fonction `dot()` dessine un point à la position actuelle de la tortue."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nAjoutez un point (`dot`) au sommet du triangle.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle():\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n forward(100)\n\ntriangle()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Lever le stylo\n\nLes deux commandes `up()` et `down()` permettent de lever et de baisser le stylo.\nCeci nous permet de dessiner des formes séparées, comme ici le petit i avec son point.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>Transformez le i vers un i avec trema (deux points).\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef i():\n dot()\n pendown() # poser le stylo\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n penup() # lever le stylo\n forward(50)\n dot()\n backward(2*50)\n right(90)\n forward(50/2) # avancer à la prochaine lettre\n\ni()\ni()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous en ajoutant des appels à la fonction `forme_mystere()` pour pour créer le dessin suivant:\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# Définition de la fonction mystère\ndef forme_mystere():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n right(90)\n\n\nforme_mystere()\n# à compléter \n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# Code à factoriser\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "2. Définissez une fonction `hexagone()` qui permet de tracer des hexagones et utilisez-là pour réduire le nombre d’instructions du programme précédent. En utilisant une boucle `for` avec `hexagone()`, votre programme ne devrait pas dépasser 10 lignes."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef #a compléter\n #a compléter\n\n#a compléter\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nTestez le programme ci-dessous, puis modifiez le en définissant au début une fonction `carre100()` qui dessine un carré de longueur 100 afin d'obtenir un programme structuré sans répétition inutile."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\n\nleft(180)\n\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\nDans le programme ci-dessous:\n\n1. Définissez une fonction `triangle100()` pour dessiner un triangle équilatéral de côté 100 comme dans l’illustration A.\n \n2. Utilisez `triangle100()` pour dessiner une forme comme dans l’illustration B.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nUtilisez les commandes `carre100()` et `triangle100()` définies dans les exercices 9 et 10 pour dessiner une figure semblable à celle représentée ci-dessous.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous:\n\n1. Définissez une fonction `carre_ouvert()` qui dessine un carré ouvert comme dans l’illustration A.\n\n \n2. Utilisez `carre_ouvert()` pour dessiner une croix comme dans l’illustration B.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 </h3>\n\nCréez une fonction `paquebot()` et utilisez pour dessiner deux paquebots."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\npenup()\nleft(125)\nforward(30)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n pendown()\n circle(10, 360)\n penup()\n forward(30)\n \n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 14 </h3>\n\nUtilisez l'instruction `carre100()` définie dans l'exercices 9 pour réaliser le programme qui dessine d’abord 2 carrés décalés d’un angle de 20° (figure A) et ensuite la figure avec 18 carrés (figure B)..\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 15 </h3>Coloriez la fleur.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef petale():\n for _ in range(2):\n circle(100, 120)\n left(60)\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n petale()\n left(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 16 </h3>\n\nAjoutez une fonction `m()` pour écrire le mot `nom`. Ajoutez ensuite des fonctions qui dessinent les lettres pour écrire votre prénom.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nwidth(5)\n\ndef n():\n down()\n left(90)\n forward(2*30) # montée\n backward(30) # retour au milieu\n circle(-30, 180) # demi-cercle\n forward(30) # descente\n left(90)\n up()\n forward(30) # avance vers la prochaine lettre\n\ndef o():\n forward(30) # avance vers milieu\n down()\n circle(30)\n up()\n forward(2*30) # avance vers prochaine lettre\n\nn()\no()\nn()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 17</h3>\n\nDessinez et coloriez un jardin. Définissez des fonctions pour des pétales, feuilles et fleurs.\n\n*Indication: Inspirez vous de l'exercice 15.*"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n# Prénom Nom, classe\n\ndot(1000, 'lightgreen') # background\n\ndef petale():\n ...\ndef feuille():\n ...\ndef fleur():\n dot(50, 'red')\n\nfeuille()\nforward(200)\nfleur()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 18 (meubles) </h3>\n\nDéfinissez 3 fonctions pour dessiner une chaise, une table et un lit.\nEnsuite placez plusieurs meubles dans l'espace\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef chaise():\n # à compléter...\n\ndef table():\n # à compléter...\n\ndef lit():\n # à compléter...\n\nchaise()\ntable()\nlit()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 19 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série D** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.10.12"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/03_fonction_simple_avec_solution.ipynb b/Notebooks/03_fonction_simple_avec_solution.ipynb
index 9c5d9804aae481ca6446fbd22e015036aa424c53..4729c93fcf5fb758f8c3b78e783dc06a0371961f 100644
--- a/Notebooks/03_fonction_simple_avec_solution.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/03_fonction_simple_avec_solution.ipynb
@@ -1,514 +1,514 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### A faire avant de commençer\n**Cliquez sur Exécuter tout** dans le menu **Cellule**.\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# Le fonctions simples"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Définir - `def`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous allons découvrir comment augmenter le vocabulaire de notre langage de programmation en définissant de nouvelles instructions, qu'on appelle aussi **fonction**. Ceci permet de rendre un code plus compact, mais surtout plus lisible. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- le mot-clé `def` permet de nommer (définir) une séquence,\n- le bloc qui suit doit être en **indentation** (décalé à droite),"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nUne fonction permet de\n\nA) donner un nom à une séquence\nB) augmenter le vocabulaire du langage de programmation\nC) nous dire si ça fonctionne\nD) rendre un programme plus lisible\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nA) donner un nom à une séquence\n\nB) augmenter le vocabulaire du langage de programmation\n\nD) rendre un programme plus lisible\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Nommer une séquence\n\nDessiner un rectangle est assez utile. C'est une forme qu'on pourra réutiliser certainement souvent. Il serait pratique de définir un nom pour ces 8 lignes de code. Pouvons-nous définir de nouvelles commandes ?\n\n```Python\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n```\nOui, c'est possible. Avec le mot-clé `def`, nous pouvons définir une nouvelle commande que nous pouvons par exemple appeler `rectangle()`.\nCette façon de créer un raccourci est appelée **définir** une fonction.\nLe code à exécuter suit l'expression `def rectangle():` et se trouve en **indentation** (décalé vers la droite).\n\nEnsuite, il suffit d'écrire `rectangle()` pour dessiner un rectangle. On appelle ceci **appeler** une fonction.\nRappelez-vous ceci :\n\n- on définit une fonction une seule fois,\n- on appelle une fonction autant de fois que l'on veut,\n- si on ne l'appelle pas, elle n'est pas exécutée et il ne se passe rien.\n\nDéfinir une fonction nous permet de réduire le nombre de lignes de code nécessaires.\nChaque fois que nous utilisons `rectangle()`,\nau lieu d'écrire 8 lignes, nous écrivons seulement une ligne de code."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nDessinez encore d'autres rectangles en appelant la nouvelle fonction `rectangle()`.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle():\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle():\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nRappel: Une indentation de texte est\n\nA) un décalage vers la gauche\nB) un décalage vers la droite\nC) une mise en paragraphe\nD) une mise en sous-section\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nB) un décalage vers la droite\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Donner du sens\n\nUne fonction ne permet pas seulement d'économiser des lignes de code.\nElle permet aussi de structurer le code et de lui donner un sens. Considérez par exemple le code ci-dessous. Il est presque impossible de comprendre ce que fait le programme en regardant les 17 lignes de code.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Si nous observons la tortue, nous comprenons finalement qu'elle dessine deux fois un rectangle. Nous pouvons même interpréter cette image et donner le sens de bâtiment au premier rectangle, et de porte au second.\n\nEssayons maintenant de découper le code en **sous-programmes** en utilisant deux fonctions `batiment()` et `porte()`.\nEn regardant ces 3 lignes de code, on comprend immédiatement le sens du programme.\n\n``` python\nbatiment()\nforward(30) # repositionner la tortue\nporte()\n```\n\nLa définition d'une fonction permet d'ajouter de nouveaux mots à un langage de programmation. Contrairement aux commandes natives de Python qui sont toutes en anglais, nous sommes libres de les choisir en français.\n\n**Attention** : écrivez les fonctions sans accents et sans circonflexes : `batiment()`, `carre()`, `boite()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>Ajoutez une deuxième porte au bâtiment. Ensuite, faites-en une porte double.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef batiment():\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndef porte():\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nbatiment()\nforward(30)\nporte()\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef batiment():\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndef porte():\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nbatiment()\nforward(30)\nporte()\nforward(60)\nporte()\nforward(30)\nporte()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n\nÀ combien de lignes de code la fonction `porte()` est-elle équivalente ?\n\n\n```\nA) 1 ligne\nB) 2 lignes\nC) 8 lignes\nD) 17 lignes\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) 8 lignes\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Définir une fonction\n\nLe fait de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions est appelé **définir une fonction**. Une **définition de fonction** comporte :\n\n1. le mot-clé `def` (définir),\n1. le nom de la fonction (`batiment/porte`),\n1. les parenthèses `()`,\n1. le deux-points `:`,\n1. un bloc en indentation.\n\nQu'est-ce qu'un bloc en indentation ?\nC'est un bloc de texte qui comporte des espaces vides à gauche. En Python, ces espaces apparaissent en multiples de 4.\n\nL'indentation est très importante en Python. C'est l'indentation qui indique l'étendue des instructions qui font partie de la fonction.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nParmi les 4 définitions de fonction ci-dessous, laquelle est correcte ?\n\nA) def() rectangle:\nB) def: rectangle\nC) def rectangle():\nD) def(rectangle):\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) def rectangle():\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Indenter avec un raccourci\n\nComme l'indentation est tellement importante en Python, il en existe un raccourci.\nIl faut d'abord sélectionner **les lignes** de code dont vous voulez changer l'indentation.\nEnsuite, vous appuyez sur :\n\n- la touche **tab** pour augmenter l'indentation\n- la touche **maj+tab** pour diminuer l'indentation\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nEssayez ces raccourcis dans le code ci-dessous. Transformez le code en deux fonctions `batiment()` et `porte()`, que vous appelez ensuite.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()\n```\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef batiment():\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n \n \ndef porte():\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nbatiment()\nforward(30)\nporte()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Voici encore un raccourci très utile : **maj(ou Shift)+Enter** pour exécuter le code.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Maison avec porte\n\nUne fois qu'une fonction est définie, elle peut être utilisée partout, même dans la définition d'une autre fonction.\n\nIci, nous avons une fonction `porte()`, qui est utilisée à l'intérieur d'une deuxième fonction `maison()`. Pour que ceci soit possible, la définition de porte doit être placée avant la définition de `maison()`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Déplacez la porte vers le milieu de la maison, et dessinez une deuxième maison à coté.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef porte():\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n\ndef maison():\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(60)\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n left(90)\n forward(71)\n left(45)\n forward(60)\n left(90)\n porte()\n\nmaison()\n\ndone()\n\n```\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef porte():\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n\ndef maison():\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(60)\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n left(90)\n forward(71)\n left(45)\n forward(60)\n left(90)\n forward(40)# pour déplacer la porte\n porte()\n\nmaison()\npenup()\nforward(100)\npendown()\nmaison()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Plus sur \"La tortue\"\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Le point `dot()`\n\nLa fonction `dot()` dessine un point à la position actuelle de la tortue."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nAjoutez un point (`dot`) au sommet du triangle.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef triangle():\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n forward(100)\n\ntriangle()\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle():\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n forward(100)\n dot() # troisième point\n\ntriangle()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Lever le stylo\n\nLes deux commandes `up()` et `down()` permettent de lever et de baisser le stylo.\nCeci nous permet de dessiner des formes séparées, comme ici le petit i avec son point.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nTransformez le i vers un i avec trema (deux points).\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef i():\n dot()\n pendown() # poser le stylo\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n penup() # lever le stylo\n forward(50)\n dot()\n backward(2*50)\n right(90)\n forward(50/2) # avancer à la prochaine lettre\n\ni()\ni()\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef i():\n dot()\n pendown() # poser le stylo\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n penup() # lever le stylo\n forward(50)\n #modif\n left(90)\n forward(5)\n dot()\n backward(10)\n dot()\n forward(5)\n right(90)\n #fin modif\n backward(2*50)\n right(90)\n forward(50/2) # avancer à la prochaine lettre\n\ni()\ni()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous en ajoutant des appels à la fonction `forme_mystere()` pour pour créer le dessin suivant:\n\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef i():\n dot()\n pendown() # poser le stylo\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n penup() # lever le stylo\n forward(50)\n dot()\n backward(2*50)\n right(90)\n forward(50/2) # avancer à la prochaine lettre\n\ni()\ni()\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# Définition de la fonction mystère\ndef forme_mystere():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n right(90)\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forme_mystere()\n left(90)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# Code à factoriser\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "2. Définissez une fonction `hexagone()` qui permet de tracer des hexagones et utilisez-là pour réduire le nombre d’instructions du programme précédent. En utilisant une boucle `for` avec `hexagone()`, votre programme ne devrait pas dépasser 10 lignes."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef hexagone():\n for k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\n\n \nfor _ in range(6):\n hexagone()\n right(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nTestez le programme ci-dessous, puis modifiez le en définissant au début une fonction `carre100()` qui dessine un carré de longueur 100 afin d'obtenir un programme structuré sans répétition inutile.\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\n\nleft(180)\n\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndone()\n\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef carre100():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ncarre100()\nleft(180)\ncarre100()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\nDans le programme ci-dessous:\n\n1. Définissez une fonction `triangle100()` pour dessiner un triangle équilatéral de côté 100 comme dans l’illustration A.\n \n2. Utilisez `triangle100()` pour dessiner une forme comme dans l’illustration B.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle100():\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\nbackward(100)# pour avoir tout dans la fenêtre \n\ntriangle100()\n\n# déplacement\npenup()\nforward(250)\npendown()\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n triangle100()\n left(60)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nUtilisez les commandes `carre100()` et `triangle100()` définies dans les exercices 9 et 10 pour dessiner une figure semblable à celle représentée ci-dessous.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle100():\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n \ndef carre100():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n \ndef maison():\n carre100()\n left(90)#placer le triangle au sommet\n forward(100)\n right(90)\n triangle100()\n # revenir au coin gauche\n right(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n maison()\n forward(100)\n \ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous:\n\n1. Définissez une fonction `carre_ouvert()` qui dessine un carré ouvert comme dans l’illustration A.\n\n \n2. Utilisez `carre_ouvert()` pour dessiner une croix comme dans l’illustration B.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef carre_ouvert():\n for _ in range(3):\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n \nfor _ in range(4):\n carre_ouvert()\n right(180)\n \ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 </h3>\n\nCréez une fonction `paquebot()` et utilisez pour dessiner deux paquebots.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\npenup()\nleft(125)\nforward(30)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n pendown()\n circle(10, 360)\n penup()\n forward(30)\n \n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\npenup()\nleft(125)\nforward(30)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n pendown()\n circle(10, 360)\n penup()\n forward(30)\n \n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 14 </h3>\n\nUtilisez l'instruction `carre100()` définie dans l'exercices 9 pour réaliser le programme qui dessine d’abord 2 carrés décalés d’un angle de 20° (figure A) et ensuite la figure avec 18 carrés (figure B)..\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nspeed(10)\n \ndef carre100():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n \nbackward(100)#se mettre plus à chauche\n\n#figure A\ncarre100()\nleft(20)\ncarre100()\nright(20)\n\npenup()\nforward(250)\npendown()\n\n#figure B\nfor _ in range(18):\n carre100()\n left(360/18)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 15 </h3>Coloriez la fleur.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef petale():\n for _ in range(2):\n circle(100, 120)\n left(60)\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n petale()\n left(60)\n\ndone()\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef petale():\n begin_fill()\n for _ in range(2):\n circle(100, 120)\n left(60)\n end_fill()\n\npencolor(\"red\")\nfillcolor(\"blue\")\nfor _ in range(6):\n petale()\n left(60)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 16 </h3>\n\nAjoutez une fonction `m()` pour écrire le mot `nom`. Ajoutez ensuite des fonctions qui dessinent les lettres pour écrire votre prénom.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nwidth(5)\n\ndef n():\n down()\n left(90)\n forward(2*30) # montée\n backward(30) # retour au milieu\n circle(-30, 180) # demi-cercle\n forward(30) # descente\n left(90)\n up()\n forward(30) # avance vers la prochaine lettre\n\ndef o():\n forward(30) # avance vers milieu\n down()\n circle(30)\n up()\n forward(2*30) # avance vers prochaine lettre\n\nn()\no()\nn()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 17</h3>\n\nDessinez et coloriez un jardin. Définissez des fonctions pour des pétales, feuilles et fleurs.\n\n*Indication: Inspirez vous de l'exercice 15.*"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n# Prénom Nom, classe\n\ndot(1000, 'lightgreen') # background\n\ndef petale():\n ...\ndef feuille():\n ...\ndef fleur():\n dot(50, 'red')\n\nfeuille()\nforward(200)\nfleur()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 18 (meubles) </h3>\n\nDéfinissez 3 fonctions pour dessiner une chaise, une table et un lit.\nEnsuite placez plusieurs meubles dans l'espace\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef chaise():\n # à compléter...\n\ndef table():\n # à compléter...\n\ndef lit():\n # à compléter...\n\nchaise()\ntable()\nlit()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 19 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série D** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 3
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
- "version": "3.10.12"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### A faire avant de commençer\n**Cliquez sur Exécuter tout** dans le menu **Cellule**.\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# Le fonctions simples"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Définir - `def`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous allons découvrir comment augmenter le vocabulaire de notre langage de programmation en définissant de nouvelles instructions, qu'on appelle aussi **fonction**. Ceci permet de rendre un code plus compact, mais surtout plus lisible. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- le mot-clé `def` permet de nommer (définir) une séquence,\n- le bloc qui suit doit être en **indentation** (décalé à droite),"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nUne fonction permet de\n\nA) donner un nom à une séquence\nB) augmenter le vocabulaire du langage de programmation\nC) nous dire si ça fonctionne\nD) rendre un programme plus lisible\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nA) donner un nom à une séquence\n\nB) augmenter le vocabulaire du langage de programmation\n\nD) rendre un programme plus lisible\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Nommer une séquence\n\nDessiner un rectangle est assez utile. C'est une forme qu'on pourra réutiliser certainement souvent. Il serait pratique de définir un nom pour ces 8 lignes de code. Pouvons-nous définir de nouvelles commandes ?\n\n```Python\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(160)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\n```\nOui, c'est possible. Avec le mot-clé `def`, nous pouvons définir une nouvelle commande que nous pouvons par exemple appeler `rectangle()`.\nCette façon de créer un raccourci est appelée **définir** une fonction.\nLe code à exécuter suit l'expression `def rectangle():` et se trouve en **indentation** (décalé vers la droite).\n\nEnsuite, il suffit d'écrire `rectangle()` pour dessiner un rectangle. On appelle ceci **appeler** une fonction.\nRappelez-vous ceci :\n\n- on définit une fonction une seule fois,\n- on appelle une fonction autant de fois que l'on veut,\n- si on ne l'appelle pas, elle n'est pas exécutée et il ne se passe rien.\n\nDéfinir une fonction nous permet de réduire le nombre de lignes de code nécessaires.\nChaque fois que nous utilisons `rectangle()`,\nau lieu d'écrire 8 lignes, nous écrivons seulement une ligne de code."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nDessinez encore d'autres rectangles en appelant la nouvelle fonction `rectangle()`.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle():\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle():\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\nleft(90)\nrectangle()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nRappel: Une indentation de texte est\n\nA) un décalage vers la gauche\nB) un décalage vers la droite\nC) une mise en paragraphe\nD) une mise en sous-section\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nB) un décalage vers la droite\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Donner du sens\n\nUne fonction ne permet pas seulement d'économiser des lignes de code.\nElle permet aussi de structurer le code et de lui donner un sens. Considérez par exemple le code ci-dessous. Il est presque impossible de comprendre ce que fait le programme en regardant les 17 lignes de code.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Si nous observons la tortue, nous comprenons finalement qu'elle dessine deux fois un rectangle. Nous pouvons même interpréter cette image et donner le sens de bâtiment au premier rectangle, et de porte au second.\n\nEssayons maintenant de découper le code en **sous-programmes** en utilisant deux fonctions `batiment()` et `porte()`.\nEn regardant ces 3 lignes de code, on comprend immédiatement le sens du programme.\n\n``` python\nbatiment()\nforward(30) # repositionner la tortue\nporte()\n```\n\nLa définition d'une fonction permet d'ajouter de nouveaux mots à un langage de programmation. Contrairement aux commandes natives de Python qui sont toutes en anglais, nous sommes libres de les choisir en français.\n\n**Attention** : écrivez les fonctions sans accents et sans circonflexes : `batiment()`, `carre()`, `boite()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>Ajoutez une deuxième porte au bâtiment. Ensuite, faites-en une porte double.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef batiment():\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndef porte():\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nbatiment()\nforward(30)\nporte()\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef batiment():\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndef porte():\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nbatiment()\nforward(30)\nporte()\nforward(60)\nporte()\nforward(30)\nporte()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n\nÀ combien de lignes de code la fonction `porte()` est-elle équivalente ?\n\n\n```\nA) 1 ligne\nB) 2 lignes\nC) 8 lignes\nD) 17 lignes\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) 8 lignes\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Définir une fonction\n\nLe fait de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions est appelé **définir une fonction**. Une **définition de fonction** comporte :\n\n1. le mot-clé `def` (définir),\n1. le nom de la fonction (`batiment/porte`),\n1. les parenthèses `()`,\n1. le deux-points `:`,\n1. un bloc en indentation.\n\nQu'est-ce qu'un bloc en indentation ?\nC'est un bloc de texte qui comporte des espaces vides à gauche. En Python, ces espaces apparaissent en multiples de 4.\n\nL'indentation est très importante en Python. C'est l'indentation qui indique l'étendue des instructions qui font partie de la fonction.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nParmi les 4 définitions de fonction ci-dessous, laquelle est correcte ?\n\nA) def() rectangle:\nB) def: rectangle\nC) def rectangle():\nD) def(rectangle):\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) def rectangle():\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Indenter avec un raccourci\n\nComme l'indentation est tellement importante en Python, il en existe un raccourci.\nIl faut d'abord sélectionner **les lignes** de code dont vous voulez changer l'indentation.\nEnsuite, vous appuyez sur :\n\n- la touche **tab** pour augmenter l'indentation\n- la touche **maj+tab** pour diminuer l'indentation\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nEssayez ces raccourcis dans le code ci-dessous. Transformez le code en deux fonctions `batiment()` et `porte()`, que vous appelez ensuite.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(200)\nleft(90)\nforward(100)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\nforward(30)\nleft(90)\nforward(50)\nleft(90)\n\ndone()\n```\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef batiment():\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(200)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n \n \ndef porte():\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n left(90)\n\nbatiment()\nforward(30)\nporte()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "Voici encore un raccourci très utile : **maj(ou Shift)+Enter** pour exécuter le code.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Maison avec porte\n\nUne fois qu'une fonction est définie, elle peut être utilisée partout, même dans la définition d'une autre fonction.\n\nIci, nous avons une fonction `porte()`, qui est utilisée à l'intérieur d'une deuxième fonction `maison()`. Pour que ceci soit possible, la définition de porte doit être placée avant la définition de `maison()`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Déplacez la porte vers le milieu de la maison, et dessinez une deuxième maison à coté.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef porte():\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n\ndef maison():\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(60)\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n left(90)\n forward(71)\n left(45)\n forward(60)\n left(90)\n porte()\n\nmaison()\n\ndone()\n\n```\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef porte():\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n\ndef maison():\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(60)\n left(45)\n forward(71)\n left(90)\n forward(71)\n left(45)\n forward(60)\n left(90)\n forward(40)# pour déplacer la porte\n porte()\n\nmaison()\npenup()\nforward(100)\npendown()\nmaison()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Plus sur \"La tortue\"\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Le point `dot()`\n\nLa fonction `dot()` dessine un point à la position actuelle de la tortue."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nAjoutez un point (`dot`) au sommet du triangle.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef triangle():\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n forward(100)\n\ntriangle()\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle():\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n dot()\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n forward(100)\n dot() # troisième point\n\ntriangle()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Lever le stylo\n\nLes deux commandes `up()` et `down()` permettent de lever et de baisser le stylo.\nCeci nous permet de dessiner des formes séparées, comme ici le petit i avec son point.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nTransformez le i vers un i avec trema (deux points).\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef i():\n dot()\n pendown() # poser le stylo\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n penup() # lever le stylo\n forward(50)\n dot()\n backward(2*50)\n right(90)\n forward(50/2) # avancer à la prochaine lettre\n\ni()\ni()\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef i():\n dot()\n pendown() # poser le stylo\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n penup() # lever le stylo\n forward(50)\n #modif\n left(90)\n forward(5)\n dot()\n backward(10)\n dot()\n forward(5)\n right(90)\n #fin modif\n backward(2*50)\n right(90)\n forward(50/2) # avancer à la prochaine lettre\n\ni()\ni()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nCompléter le programme ci-dessous en ajoutant des appels à la fonction `forme_mystere()` pour pour créer le dessin suivant:\n\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef i():\n dot()\n pendown() # poser le stylo\n left(90)\n forward(50)\n penup() # lever le stylo\n forward(50)\n dot()\n backward(2*50)\n right(90)\n forward(50/2) # avancer à la prochaine lettre\n\ni()\ni()\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# Définition de la fonction mystère\ndef forme_mystere():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n right(90)\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forme_mystere()\n left(90)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# Code à factoriser\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\nfor k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\nright(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "2. Définissez une fonction `hexagone()` qui permet de tracer des hexagones et utilisez-là pour réduire le nombre d’instructions du programme précédent. En utilisant une boucle `for` avec `hexagone()`, votre programme ne devrait pas dépasser 10 lignes."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# permet d'utiliser les fonctions pour dessiner\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef hexagone():\n for k in range(6):\n forward(100)\n right(60)\n\n \nfor _ in range(6):\n hexagone()\n right(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\nTestez le programme ci-dessous, puis modifiez le en définissant au début une fonction `carre100()` qui dessine un carré de longueur 100 afin d'obtenir un programme structuré sans répétition inutile.\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\n\nleft(180)\n\n\nfor _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ndone()\n\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef carre100():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\ncarre100()\nleft(180)\ncarre100()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\nDans le programme ci-dessous:\n\n1. Définissez une fonction `triangle100()` pour dessiner un triangle équilatéral de côté 100 comme dans l’illustration A.\n \n2. Utilisez `triangle100()` pour dessiner une forme comme dans l’illustration B.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle100():\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n\nbackward(100)# pour avoir tout dans la fenêtre \n\ntriangle100()\n\n# déplacement\npenup()\nforward(250)\npendown()\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n triangle100()\n left(60)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nUtilisez les commandes `carre100()` et `triangle100()` définies dans les exercices 9 et 10 pour dessiner une figure semblable à celle représentée ci-dessous.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle100():\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(100)\n left(120)\n \ndef carre100():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n \ndef maison():\n carre100()\n left(90)#placer le triangle au sommet\n forward(100)\n right(90)\n triangle100()\n # revenir au coin gauche\n right(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n maison()\n forward(100)\n \ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nDans le programme ci-dessous:\n\n1. Définissez une fonction `carre_ouvert()` qui dessine un carré ouvert comme dans l’illustration A.\n\n \n2. Utilisez `carre_ouvert()` pour dessiner une croix comme dans l’illustration B.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef carre_ouvert():\n for _ in range(3):\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n \nfor _ in range(4):\n carre_ouvert()\n right(180)\n \ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 </h3>\n\nCréez une fonction `paquebot()` et utilisez pour dessiner deux paquebots.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\npenup()\nleft(125)\nforward(30)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n pendown()\n circle(10, 360)\n penup()\n forward(30)\n \n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\npenup()\nleft(125)\nforward(30)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n pendown()\n circle(10, 360)\n penup()\n forward(30)\n \n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 14 </h3>\n\nUtilisez l'instruction `carre100()` définie dans l'exercices 9 pour réaliser le programme qui dessine d’abord 2 carrés décalés d’un angle de 20° (figure A) et ensuite la figure avec 18 carrés (figure B)..\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nspeed(10)\n \ndef carre100():\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n \nbackward(100)#se mettre plus à chauche\n\n#figure A\ncarre100()\nleft(20)\ncarre100()\nright(20)\n\npenup()\nforward(250)\npendown()\n\n#figure B\nfor _ in range(18):\n carre100()\n left(360/18)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 15 </h3>Coloriez la fleur.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef petale():\n for _ in range(2):\n circle(100, 120)\n left(60)\n\nfor _ in range(6):\n petale()\n left(60)\n\ndone()\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef petale():\n begin_fill()\n for _ in range(2):\n circle(100, 120)\n left(60)\n end_fill()\n\npencolor(\"red\")\nfillcolor(\"blue\")\nfor _ in range(6):\n petale()\n left(60)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 16 </h3>\n\nAjoutez une fonction `m()` pour écrire le mot `nom`. Ajoutez ensuite des fonctions qui dessinent les lettres pour écrire votre prénom.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nwidth(5)\n\ndef n():\n down()\n left(90)\n forward(2*30) # montée\n backward(30) # retour au milieu\n circle(-30, 180) # demi-cercle\n forward(30) # descente\n left(90)\n up()\n forward(30) # avance vers la prochaine lettre\n\ndef o():\n forward(30) # avance vers milieu\n down()\n circle(30)\n up()\n forward(2*30) # avance vers prochaine lettre\n\nn()\no()\nn()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 17</h3>\n\nDessinez et coloriez un jardin. Définissez des fonctions pour des pétales, feuilles et fleurs.\n\n*Indication: Inspirez vous de l'exercice 15.*"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n# Prénom Nom, classe\n\ndot(1000, 'lightgreen') # background\n\ndef petale():\n ...\ndef feuille():\n ...\ndef fleur():\n dot(50, 'red')\n\nfeuille()\nforward(200)\nfleur()\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 18 (meubles) </h3>\n\nDéfinissez 3 fonctions pour dessiner une chaise, une table et un lit.\nEnsuite placez plusieurs meubles dans l'espace\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef chaise():\n # à compléter...\n\ndef table():\n # à compléter...\n\ndef lit():\n # à compléter...\n\nchaise()\ntable()\nlit()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 19 </h3>\n\nUtiliser votre identifiant EEL et le mot de passe *Sismondi2024* pour faire les exercices de la **série D** de la plateforme [AlgoPython](https://www.algopython.fr/login). [](https://www.algopython.fr/login)\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.10.12"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres.ipynb b/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres.ipynb
index 40b0c3e676ebc767f4400b950183e44ded07f853..7494005f9d86fdb7883d6be6ed20dd6c220c2344 100644
--- a/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres.ipynb
@@ -1,1089 +1,1089 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# 4. Les fonctions avec paramètres\n",
- "\n",
- "Dans cette leçon, nous allons approfondir le concept de la fonction. Dans la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples, nous avons vu la fonction comme une façon de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions. Ici nous allons voir comment nous pouvons ajouter un ou plusieurs paramètres à une fonction. Nous allons voir que :\n",
- "\n",
- "- l'expression `def rect(d, e):` permet de définir une fonction avec deux paramètres,\n",
- "- les paramètres `d, e` sont des variables locales valides uniquement à l'intérieur de la définition de fonction,\n",
- "- ces paramètres prennent une valeur au moment de l'appel de la fonction avec `rect(50, 30)`.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n",
- " \n",
- "```\n",
- "En Python, `def` est un raccourci pour\n",
- "\n",
- "A) défoncé\n",
- "B) défilé\n",
- "C) définition\n",
- "D) défavorisé\n",
- "```"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ma réponse: "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<details>\n",
- "<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \n",
- "Réponse\n",
- "</summary> \n",
- "\n",
- "<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n",
- "C) définition\n",
- "</div>\n",
- "</details>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Paramétrer une fonction\n",
- "\n",
- "Jusqu'à maintenant, notre rectangle était d'une taille fixe. La fonction `rectangle()` de la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples \n",
- "```python \n",
- "def rectangle():\n",
- " forward(160)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(100)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(160)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(100)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- "```\n",
- " dessine toujours un rectangle de 160 x 100 pixels. Il faudrait faire une nouvelle fonction `rectangle2()` si on voulait dessiner une taille différente.\n",
- "\n",
- "Il serait très utile de disposer d'une fonction de la forme `rectangle(d, e)` qui puisse dessiner des rectangles de largeur et hauteur variable.\n",
- "C'est possible en spécifiant des **paramètres** pour la fonction.\n",
- "Un paramètre de fonction est une **variable locale** qui peut être utilisée dans sa définition.\n",
- "\n",
- "Lors de l'appel de la fonction, nous donnons des valeurs à la fonction.\n",
- "Ces valeurs sont les **arguments** de la fonction.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "Complétez le programme ci-dessous afin de dessiner un deuxième rectangle avec d'autres dimensions.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def rectangle(d, e): # paramètres (d, e)\n",
- " for i in range(2):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(e)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- "\n",
- "rectangle(160, 100) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n",
- "\n",
- "# à compléter\n",
- "\n",
- "done()"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "### Exemples de fonctions avec des paramétres\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "**Exemple 1 : Le Losange**\n",
- "\n",
- "Essayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def losange(d, a): # paramètres (d=distance, a=angle)\n",
- " for i in range(2):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(a)\n",
- "\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(180-a)\n",
- "\n",
- "losange(100, 60) # distance=100, angle=60\n",
- "losange(140, 100) # distance=140, angle=100\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "On remarque que la fonction `losange(a, angle)`, définie ci-dessus, a comme paramètre la longueur et le premier angle. \n",
- "\n",
- "Remarque: Le deuxième angle du losange est calculé."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "**Exemple 2 : Le polygone**\n",
- "\n",
- "Essayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def polygone(d, n): # paramètres (d, n)\n",
- " for i in range(n):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(360/n)\n",
- "\n",
- "polygone(100, 3) # triangle\n",
- "polygone(100, 4) # carré\n",
- "polygone(100, 5) # pentagon\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "On remarque que la fonction `polygone(d, n)` a comme paramètre la distance d'un côté et le nombre de sommets.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Retour à la maison...\n",
- "\n",
- "Revenons à l'exemple d'une fonction qui dessine une maison.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "Complétez le programme afin qu'il dessine une troisième maison de taille 100.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def maison(d):\n",
- " dot()\n",
- " forward (1.41*d) # sol\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(d) # mur droit\n",
- " left(45)\n",
- " forward(d) # toit droit\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(d) # toit gauche\n",
- " left(45)\n",
- " forward(d) # mur gauche\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- "\n",
- "backward(200)\n",
- "maison(50) # maison de taille 50\n",
- "forward(100)\n",
- "maison(70) # maison de taille 70\n",
- "\n",
- "# à compléter\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Positionner la maison\n",
- "\n",
- "!!! info Rappel\n",
- "Au départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. \n",
- "\n",
- "Ce rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n",
- "\n",
- "- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n",
- "- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n",
- "- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n",
- "!!!\n",
- "\n",
- "La fonction `goto(x, y)` permet de placer directement la tortue à la position de coordonnées `(x, y)`. On peut utiliser `goto(x, y)` pour positionner notre maison à un endroit précis.\n",
- "\n",
- "Pour désigner une position, nous utilisons la variable `p` (p pour position) qui représente le couple de coordonnées `[x, y]`."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille différente.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def maison(p , d):\n",
- " goto(p) # aller à la position p\n",
- " dot() # ajouter un marquer (dot)\n",
- " down()\n",
- " forward (1.41*d) # sol\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(d) # mur droit\n",
- " left(45)\n",
- " forward(d) # toit droit\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(d) # toit gauche\n",
- " left(45)\n",
- " forward(d) # mur gauche\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " up()\n",
- "\n",
- "maison([0, 0], 50) # maison à la position (0, 0)\n",
- "maison([-150, 50], 70) # maison à la position (-150, 50)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "!!! info Les listes\n",
- "En Python les données peuvent être de plusieurs type. Par exemple, nous avons déjà rencontré le type nombre entier (`int`), nombre à virgule **flottante** (`float`) et chaînes de caractères (`str`).\n",
- "\n",
- "En python, le type `list` permet de définir des données composée d e plusieurs valeurs. Il suffit de mettre les valeurs, séparées par des virgules, entre des crochets.\n",
- "!!!"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Colorier la maison\n",
- "\n",
- "Maintenant nous modifions la fonction pour inclure non seulement la position, la taille, mais également la couleur de la maison comme paramètres. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n",
- "\n",
- "- `p` -- position de la maison\n",
- "- `d` -- dimension de la maison\n",
- "- `c` -- couleur de la maison\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille et couleur différente.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "def maison(p, d, c):\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " dot()\n",
- " down()\n",
- " fillcolor(c)\n",
- " begin_fill()\n",
- " forward (1.41*d) # sol\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(d) # mur droit\n",
- " left(45)\n",
- " forward(d) # toit droit\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(d) # toit gauche\n",
- " left(45)\n",
- " forward(d) # mur gauche\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " end_fill()\n",
- " up()\n",
- "\n",
- "maison([0, 0], 70, 'lightblue')\n",
- "maison([150, 30], 50, 'yellow')\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Drapeau tricolore\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "1. Modifiez les couleurs pour afficher le drapeau de l'irlande (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix). \n",
- "2. Créez une deuxième fonction `drapeau2(d, c, c2, c3)` qui crée un drapeau avec des barres horizontales et utilisez là pour dessiner le drapeau des pays bas (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix)."
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def rectangle(d, e, c):\n",
- " fillcolor(c)\n",
- " begin_fill()\n",
- " for i in range(2):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(e)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " end_fill()\n",
- "\n",
- "def drapeau(d, c1, c2, c3):\n",
- " rectangle(d, 2*d, c1)\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " rectangle(d, 2*d, c2)\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " rectangle(d, 2*d, c3)\n",
- "\n",
- "drapeau(50, 'blue', 'white', 'red')\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Arbre\n",
- "\n",
- "Pour dessiner un arbre simple, nous utilisons un segment droit pour le tronc et un disque (dot) pour le feuillage.\n",
- "C'est une fonction qui a 3 paramètres\n",
- "\n",
- "- `d` -- longueur du tronc\n",
- "- `c` -- couleur du tronc\n",
- "- `c2` -- couleur du feuillage\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "Définissez et utilisez une fonction `foret(n)` qui dessine `n` arbres.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def arbre(d, c, c2):\n",
- " down()\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " width(d/6) # tronc\n",
- " pencolor(c)\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " dot(d, c2) # feuillage\n",
- " up()\n",
- " backward(d) # retourner à la position de départ\n",
- " right(90)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "arbre(100, 'brown', 'lime')\n",
- "forward(70)\n",
- "arbre(90, 'brown', 'green')\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Coeur\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "Ajoutez deux paramètres: `w` pour l'épaisseur de la ligne (width), et `c2` pour la couleur de ligne. \n",
- "La fonction aura la forme `coeur(r, w, c, c2)`.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def coeur(r, c):\n",
- " down()\n",
- " fillcolor(c)\n",
- " begin_fill()\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " circle(r, 225)\n",
- " forward(2.4*r)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(2.4*r)\n",
- " circle(r, 225)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " end_fill()\n",
- " up()\n",
- "\n",
- "coeur(50, 'darkviolet')\n",
- "forward(130)\n",
- "coeur(40, 'tomato')\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Autres exemples de fonction\n",
- "\n",
- "**Exemple 1: Dessiner un bus**\n",
- "\n",
- "Pour dessiner un bus, une voiture ou un camion simple, nous pouvons utiliser des rectangles pour le châssis, et un disque (dot) pour les roues.\n",
- "C'est une fonction qui a comme paramètres\n",
- "\n",
- "- `p` -- position du bus\n",
- "- `d` -- dimension (longeur) du bus\n",
- "- `c` -- couleur du bus"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "def rectangle(d, e, c):\n",
- " fillcolor(c)\n",
- " begin_fill()\n",
- " for i in range(2):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(e)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " end_fill()\n",
- "\n",
- "def bus(p, d, c):\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " down()\n",
- " rectangle(d, d/3, c) # chassis\n",
- " forward(d/4)\n",
- " dot(d/5) # roue arrière\n",
- " dot(d/10, 'white')\n",
- " forward(d/2)\n",
- " dot(d/5) # roue avant\n",
- " dot(d/10, 'white')\n",
- " up()\n",
- "\n",
- "bus([-200, 50], 200, 'red')\n",
- "bus([50, 20], 150, 'lightblue')\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "**Exemple 2: L'escalier**\n",
- "\n",
- "Pour dessiner un escalier notre fonction aura les paramètres suivants:\n",
- "\n",
- "- `d` -- longueur de marche\n",
- "- `e` -- hauteur de marche\n",
- "- `n` -- nombre de marches\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {
- "scrolled": true
- },
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def escalier(d, e, n):\n",
- " dot() # marqueur de début\n",
- " for i in range(n):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(e)\n",
- " right(90)\n",
- "\n",
- "escalier(20, 10, 5)\n",
- "escalier(10, -20, 5)\n",
- "escalier(30, 10, 4)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Nommer une variable\n",
- "\n",
- "Pour nommer une variable, on utilise les caractères suivants :\n",
- "\n",
- "- lettres (`a...z` et `A...Z`),\n",
- "- chiffres (`0...9`),\n",
- "- le tiret bas (`_`).\n",
- "\n",
- "Le nom de variable :\n",
- "\n",
- "- est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules (`BUS` et `bus` sont des noms de variables différents),\n",
- "- ne peut pas commencer avec un chiffre,\n",
- "- ne doit pas consister d'un mot-clé (`def`, `for`, `in`, `from`, ...),\n",
- "\n",
- "Par exemplee, les noms de variables suivantes sont valides : \n",
- " `a2`, `_a`, `speed`, `pos_x`, `POS_X`,\n",
- "\n",
- "tandis que ceux là ne le sont pas : `2a`, `def`, `pos x`.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n",
- " \n",
- "```\n",
- "Lesquels des noms de variable sont valides ?\n",
- "\n",
- "A) var 2\n",
- "B) var2\n",
- "C) 2var\n",
- "D) IF\n",
- "```"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Votre réponse: "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<details>\n",
- "<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \n",
- "Réponse\n",
- "</summary> \n",
- "\n",
- "<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n",
- "\n",
- "B) `var2`\n",
- " \n",
- "D) `IF` serait valable car différent du mot clé `if` (rappel : Python est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules)\n",
- " \n",
- "Les deux autres ne sont pas valables car `var 2` contient une espace et `2var` commence par un chiffre.\n",
- " \n",
- "</div>\n",
- "</details>"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Exercices d'entraînement "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "Corrigez le programme ci-dessous afin qu'il affiche un triangle rouge"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def triangle_couleur(d, c):\n",
- " pencolor(c)\n",
- " for i in range(3):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(120)\n",
- "\n",
- "triangle_couleur(\"red\", 100)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "1. Testez le programme suivant (voir plus bas pour tester) :\n",
- "\n",
- "```Python\n",
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "# pour être à gauche du canevas\n",
- "backward(250)\n",
- "\n",
- "# Code à factoriser\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(30)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "forward(30)\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(60)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "forward(60)\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(90)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "forward(90)\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(120)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "forward(120)\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(150)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n",
- "```\n",
- "2. Définissez une fonction `triangle(l)`, qui permet de tracer des triangles équilatéraux de longueur lg, et utilisez-là pour réduire le nombre d’instructions du programme. \n",
- "\n",
- "**NB**: Le nombre d'instructions du programme doit être au moins divisé par 2.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "# pour être à gauche du canevas\n",
- "backward(250)\n",
- "\n",
- "# Code à factoriser\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(30)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "forward(30)\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(60)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "forward(60)\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(90)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "forward(90)\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(120)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "forward(120)\n",
- "for k in range(3):\n",
- " forward(150)\n",
- " right(120)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "Définir une fonction `carre_couleur(d,c )` qui demande à la tortue de\n",
- "dessiner des carrés colorés de longueur variés. Elle doit dessiner trois triangles comme sur la figure ci-dessous.\n",
- "\n",
- ""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "# a compléter\n",
- "\n",
- "done()"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "Définissez une commande `rangee_triangles(nombre, cote)` qui dessine une rangée de pyramides selon l’illustration. Chaque triangle a des côtés de longueur `cote`.\n",
- "Le paramètre `nombre` indique le nombre de triangles dans la rangée. Utilisez ensuite\n",
- "cette commande pour dessiner une rangée de 13 triangles de côtés 31, centrée au\n",
- "milieu de la fenêtre.\n",
- "\n",
- ""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def rangee_triangles(nombre, cote):\n",
- " # a compléter\n",
- "\n",
- "# a compléter\n",
- "\n",
- "done()"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "Définissez une fonction `maison(h, c)` qui dessine une maison avec une porte de hauteur `h` et de vouleur `c`. \n",
- "Les autres dimensions de la maison sont représentées sur l'image ci-dessous.\n",
- "\n",
- "Écrire un programme qui utilise la fonction `maison(h, c)` pour reproduire la figure suivante:\n",
- ""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- "def maison(h, c):\n",
- " # a compléter\n",
- " \n",
- "\n",
- "speed(9) # pour dessiner vite\n",
- "# dessiner le village (a compléter)\n",
- "# a compléter\n",
- "done()"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# Complément sur les valeurs par défaut *\n",
- "\n",
- "Quand une fonction possède beaucoup d'arguments, nous pouvons spécifier des valeurs par défaut. Pour ceci nous ajoutons la valeur par défaut dans la liste de paramètres avec le symbole `=`.\n",
- "\n",
- "La fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white')` dessine un rectangle aux dimensions `d` x `e` à la position `p`.\n",
- "Cette fonction possède 3 paramètres optionnels (valeur par défaut en parenthèse):\n",
- "\n",
- "- `w` -- épaisseur de ligne (`1`)\n",
- "- `pen` -- couleur de ligne (`'black'`)\n",
- "- `fill` -- couleur de remplissage (`'white'`)\n",
- "\n",
- "Il a maintenant différentes façons à appeler la fonction. Tous les paramètres qui ont une valeur par défaut sont optionnels. Au minimum nous devons spécifier les paramètres sans valeur par défaut.\n",
- "\n",
- "```\n",
- "rectangle((40, 0), 80, 40)\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "Le rectangle est dessiné dans la direction actuelle de la tortue. Cette orientation peut être changée avec `seth()`. La tortue se positionne de l'autre côté du point de départ. Ceci permet d'enchainer à dessiner des rectangles.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "penup()\n",
- "\n",
- "def rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " pendown()\n",
- " width(w)\n",
- " pencolor(pen)\n",
- " fillcolor(fill)\n",
- " begin_fill()\n",
- " for i in range(2):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " forward(e)\n",
- " left(90)\n",
- " end_fill()\n",
- " penup()\n",
- "\n",
- "rectangle([-200, 30], 40, 30)\n",
- "rectangle([-100, -20], 40, 30, 1, 'orange', 'orange')\n",
- "rectangle([100, -40], 30, 80, fill='yellow')\n",
- "rectangle([200, 100], 80, 40, 1, 'red', 'pink')\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Polygone régulier\n",
- "\n",
- "La fonction `polygone()` dessine un polygone régulier avec n sommets. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n",
- "\n",
- "- `d` -- distance du segment\n",
- "- `n` -- nombre de segments\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def polygon(d, n, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n",
- " down()\n",
- " pencolor(pen)\n",
- " width(w)\n",
- " fillcolor(fill)\n",
- " begin_fill()\n",
- " for i in range(n):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(360/n)\n",
- " end_fill()\n",
- " up()\n",
- "\n",
- "up()\n",
- "backward(280)\n",
- "for n in range(3, 9):\n",
- " polygon(40, n, fill='lime')\n",
- " color('black')\n",
- " forward(100)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Polygone étoilé\n",
- "\n",
- "En ajoutant un paramètre supplémentaire `m`, la fonction `polygone()` permet également de dessiner un polygone étoilé. Ce paramètre signifie le nombre de pics sauté pour aller au prochain des `n` points répartis dans un cercle. Pour `m=1` un polygone régulier est dessiné.\n",
- "\n",
- "es arguments de la fonction sont :\n",
- "\n",
- "- `d` -- distance du segment\n",
- "- `n` -- nombre de segments\n",
- "- `m` -- paramètre pour polygone étoilé (nombre de pics sautés)\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "\n",
- "def polygon(d, n, m=1, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n",
- " down()\n",
- " pencolor(pen)\n",
- " width(w)\n",
- " fillcolor(fill)\n",
- " begin_fill()\n",
- " for i in range(n):\n",
- " forward(d)\n",
- " left(m*360/n)\n",
- " end_fill()\n",
- " up()\n",
- "\n",
- "up()\n",
- "speed(0)\n",
- "backward(250)\n",
- "for m in range(2, 6):\n",
- " polygon(80, 11, m, fill='yellow')\n",
- " color('black')\n",
- " forward(140)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n",
- "\n",
- "Utilisez la fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w, pen, fill)` pour dessiner une copie de ce tableau de Mondrian.\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "---\n",
- "\n",
- "#### Remarque générale\n",
- "\n",
- "Ce document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n",
- ""
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 3
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
- "version": "3.10.12"
- }
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 4. Les fonctions avec paramètres\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Dans cette leçon, nous allons approfondir le concept de la fonction. Dans la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples, nous avons vu la fonction comme une façon de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions. Ici nous allons voir comment nous pouvons ajouter un ou plusieurs paramètres à une fonction. Nous allons voir que :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- l'expression `def rect(d, e):` permet de définir une fonction avec deux paramètres,\n",
+ "- les paramètres `d, e` sont des variables locales valides uniquement à l'intérieur de la définition de fonction,\n",
+ "- ces paramètres prennent une valeur au moment de l'appel de la fonction avec `rect(50, 30)`.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
},
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 4
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n",
+ " \n",
+ "```\n",
+ "En Python, `def` est un raccourci pour\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A) défoncé\n",
+ "B) défilé\n",
+ "C) définition\n",
+ "D) défavorisé\n",
+ "```"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ma réponse: "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<details>\n",
+ "<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \n",
+ "Réponse\n",
+ "</summary> \n",
+ "\n",
+ "<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n",
+ "C) définition\n",
+ "</div>\n",
+ "</details>"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Paramétrer une fonction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Jusqu'à maintenant, notre rectangle était d'une taille fixe. La fonction `rectangle()` de la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples \n",
+ "```python \n",
+ "def rectangle():\n",
+ " forward(160)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(100)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(160)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(100)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ "```\n",
+ " dessine toujours un rectangle de 160 x 100 pixels. Il faudrait faire une nouvelle fonction `rectangle2()` si on voulait dessiner une taille différente.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Il serait très utile de disposer d'une fonction de la forme `rectangle(d, e)` qui puisse dessiner des rectangles de largeur et hauteur variable.\n",
+ "C'est possible en spécifiant des **paramètres** pour la fonction.\n",
+ "Un paramètre de fonction est une **variable locale** qui peut être utilisée dans sa définition.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Lors de l'appel de la fonction, nous donnons des valeurs à la fonction.\n",
+ "Ces valeurs sont les **arguments** de la fonction.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Complétez le programme ci-dessous afin de dessiner un deuxième rectangle avec d'autres dimensions.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def rectangle(d, e): # paramètres (d, e)\n",
+ " for i in range(2):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(e)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rectangle(160, 100) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# à compléter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### Exemples de fonctions avec des paramétres\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "**Exemple 1 : Le Losange**\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Essayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def losange(d, a): # paramètres (d=distance, a=angle)\n",
+ " for i in range(2):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(180-a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "losange(100, 60) # distance=100, angle=60\n",
+ "losange(140, 100) # distance=140, angle=100\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "On remarque que la fonction `losange(a, angle)`, définie ci-dessus, a comme paramètre la longueur et le premier angle. \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Remarque: Le deuxième angle du losange est calculé."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "**Exemple 2 : Le polygone**\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Essayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def polygone(d, n): # paramètres (d, n)\n",
+ " for i in range(n):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(360/n)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "polygone(100, 3) # triangle\n",
+ "polygone(100, 4) # carré\n",
+ "polygone(100, 5) # pentagon\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "On remarque que la fonction `polygone(d, n)` a comme paramètre la distance d'un côté et le nombre de sommets.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Retour à la maison...\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Revenons à l'exemple d'une fonction qui dessine une maison.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Complétez le programme afin qu'il dessine une troisième maison de taille 100.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def maison(d):\n",
+ " dot()\n",
+ " forward (1.41*d) # sol\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(d) # mur droit\n",
+ " left(45)\n",
+ " forward(d) # toit droit\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(d) # toit gauche\n",
+ " left(45)\n",
+ " forward(d) # mur gauche\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "backward(200)\n",
+ "maison(50) # maison de taille 50\n",
+ "forward(100)\n",
+ "maison(70) # maison de taille 70\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# à compléter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Positionner la maison\n",
+ "\n",
+ "!!! info Rappel\n",
+ "Au départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. \n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ce rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n",
+ "- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n",
+ "- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n",
+ "!!!\n",
+ "\n",
+ "La fonction `goto(x, y)` permet de placer directement la tortue à la position de coordonnées `(x, y)`. On peut utiliser `goto(x, y)` pour positionner notre maison à un endroit précis.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pour désigner une position, nous utilisons la variable `p` (p pour position) qui représente le couple de coordonnées `[x, y]`."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille différente.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def maison(p , d):\n",
+ " goto(p) # aller à la position p\n",
+ " dot() # ajouter un marquer (dot)\n",
+ " down()\n",
+ " forward (1.41*d) # sol\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(d) # mur droit\n",
+ " left(45)\n",
+ " forward(d) # toit droit\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(d) # toit gauche\n",
+ " left(45)\n",
+ " forward(d) # mur gauche\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "maison([0, 0], 50) # maison à la position (0, 0)\n",
+ "maison([-150, 50], 70) # maison à la position (-150, 50)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "!!! info Les listes\n",
+ "En Python les données peuvent être de plusieurs type. Par exemple, nous avons déjà rencontré le type nombre entier (`int`), nombre à virgule **flottante** (`float`) et chaînes de caractères (`str`).\n",
+ "\n",
+ "En python, le type `list` permet de définir des données composée d e plusieurs valeurs. Il suffit de mettre les valeurs, séparées par des virgules, entre des crochets.\n",
+ "!!!"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Colorier la maison\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Maintenant nous modifions la fonction pour inclure non seulement la position, la taille, mais également la couleur de la maison comme paramètres. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- `p` -- position de la maison\n",
+ "- `d` -- dimension de la maison\n",
+ "- `c` -- couleur de la maison\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille et couleur différente.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def maison(p, d, c):\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " dot()\n",
+ " down()\n",
+ " fillcolor(c)\n",
+ " begin_fill()\n",
+ " forward (1.41*d) # sol\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(d) # mur droit\n",
+ " left(45)\n",
+ " forward(d) # toit droit\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(d) # toit gauche\n",
+ " left(45)\n",
+ " forward(d) # mur gauche\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " end_fill()\n",
+ " up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "maison([0, 0], 70, 'lightblue')\n",
+ "maison([150, 30], 50, 'yellow')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Drapeau tricolore\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "1. Modifiez les couleurs pour afficher le drapeau de l'irlande (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix). \n",
+ "2. Créez une deuxième fonction `drapeau2(d, c, c2, c3)` qui crée un drapeau avec des barres horizontales et utilisez là pour dessiner le drapeau des pays bas (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix)."
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def rectangle(d, e, c):\n",
+ " fillcolor(c)\n",
+ " begin_fill()\n",
+ " for i in range(2):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(e)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " end_fill()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def drapeau(d, c1, c2, c3):\n",
+ " rectangle(d, 2*d, c1)\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " rectangle(d, 2*d, c2)\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " rectangle(d, 2*d, c3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "drapeau(50, 'blue', 'white', 'red')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Arbre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pour dessiner un arbre simple, nous utilisons un segment droit pour le tronc et un disque (dot) pour le feuillage.\n",
+ "C'est une fonction qui a 3 paramètres\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- `d` -- longueur du tronc\n",
+ "- `c` -- couleur du tronc\n",
+ "- `c2` -- couleur du feuillage\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Définissez et utilisez une fonction `foret(n)` qui dessine `n` arbres.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def arbre(d, c, c2):\n",
+ " down()\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " width(d/6) # tronc\n",
+ " pencolor(c)\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " dot(d, c2) # feuillage\n",
+ " up()\n",
+ " backward(d) # retourner à la position de départ\n",
+ " right(90)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "arbre(100, 'brown', 'lime')\n",
+ "forward(70)\n",
+ "arbre(90, 'brown', 'green')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Coeur\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ajoutez deux paramètres: `w` pour l'épaisseur de la ligne (width), et `c2` pour la couleur de ligne. \n",
+ "La fonction aura la forme `coeur(r, w, c, c2)`.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def coeur(r, c):\n",
+ " down()\n",
+ " fillcolor(c)\n",
+ " begin_fill()\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " circle(r, 225)\n",
+ " forward(2.4*r)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(2.4*r)\n",
+ " circle(r, 225)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " end_fill()\n",
+ " up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "coeur(50, 'darkviolet')\n",
+ "forward(130)\n",
+ "coeur(40, 'tomato')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Autres exemples de fonction\n",
+ "\n",
+ "**Exemple 1: Dessiner un bus**\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pour dessiner un bus, une voiture ou un camion simple, nous pouvons utiliser des rectangles pour le châssis, et un disque (dot) pour les roues.\n",
+ "C'est une fonction qui a comme paramètres\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- `p` -- position du bus\n",
+ "- `d` -- dimension (longeur) du bus\n",
+ "- `c` -- couleur du bus"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def rectangle(d, e, c):\n",
+ " fillcolor(c)\n",
+ " begin_fill()\n",
+ " for i in range(2):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(e)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " end_fill()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def bus(p, d, c):\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " down()\n",
+ " rectangle(d, d/3, c) # chassis\n",
+ " forward(d/4)\n",
+ " dot(d/5) # roue arrière\n",
+ " dot(d/10, 'white')\n",
+ " forward(d/2)\n",
+ " dot(d/5) # roue avant\n",
+ " dot(d/10, 'white')\n",
+ " up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "bus([-200, 50], 200, 'red')\n",
+ "bus([50, 20], 150, 'lightblue')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "**Exemple 2: L'escalier**\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pour dessiner un escalier notre fonction aura les paramètres suivants:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- `d` -- longueur de marche\n",
+ "- `e` -- hauteur de marche\n",
+ "- `n` -- nombre de marches\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def escalier(d, e, n):\n",
+ " dot() # marqueur de début\n",
+ " for i in range(n):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(e)\n",
+ " right(90)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "escalier(20, 10, 5)\n",
+ "escalier(10, -20, 5)\n",
+ "escalier(30, 10, 4)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Nommer une variable\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pour nommer une variable, on utilise les caractères suivants :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- lettres (`a...z` et `A...Z`),\n",
+ "- chiffres (`0...9`),\n",
+ "- le tiret bas (`_`).\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Le nom de variable :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules (`BUS` et `bus` sont des noms de variables différents),\n",
+ "- ne peut pas commencer avec un chiffre,\n",
+ "- ne doit pas consister d'un mot-clé (`def`, `for`, `in`, `from`, ...),\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Par exemplee, les noms de variables suivantes sont valides : \n",
+ " `a2`, `_a`, `speed`, `pos_x`, `POS_X`,\n",
+ "\n",
+ "tandis que ceux là ne le sont pas : `2a`, `def`, `pos x`.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n",
+ " \n",
+ "```\n",
+ "Lesquels des noms de variable sont valides ?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A) var 2\n",
+ "B) var2\n",
+ "C) 2var\n",
+ "D) IF\n",
+ "```"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Votre réponse: "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<details>\n",
+ "<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \n",
+ "Réponse\n",
+ "</summary> \n",
+ "\n",
+ "<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n",
+ "\n",
+ "B) `var2`\n",
+ " \n",
+ "D) `IF` serait valable car différent du mot clé `if` (rappel : Python est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "Les deux autres ne sont pas valables car `var 2` contient une espace et `2var` commence par un chiffre.\n",
+ " \n",
+ "</div>\n",
+ "</details>"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Exercices d'entraînement "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Corrigez le programme ci-dessous afin qu'il affiche un triangle rouge"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def triangle_couleur(d, c):\n",
+ " pencolor(c)\n",
+ " for i in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(120)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "triangle_couleur(\"red\", 100)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "1. Testez le programme suivant (voir plus bas pour tester) :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "```Python\n",
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# pour être à gauche du canevas\n",
+ "backward(250)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Code à factoriser\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(30)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "forward(30)\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(60)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "forward(60)\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(90)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "forward(90)\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(120)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "forward(120)\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(150)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n",
+ "```\n",
+ "2. Définissez une fonction `triangle(l)`, qui permet de tracer des triangles équilatéraux de longueur lg, et utilisez-là pour réduire le nombre d’instructions du programme. \n",
+ "\n",
+ "**NB**: Le nombre d'instructions du programme doit être au moins divisé par 2.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# pour être à gauche du canevas\n",
+ "backward(250)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# Code à factoriser\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(30)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "forward(30)\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(60)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "forward(60)\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(90)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "forward(90)\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(120)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "forward(120)\n",
+ "for k in range(3):\n",
+ " forward(150)\n",
+ " right(120)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Définir une fonction `carre_couleur(d,c )` qui demande à la tortue de\n",
+ "dessiner des carrés colorés de longueur variés. Elle doit dessiner trois triangles comme sur la figure ci-dessous.\n",
+ "\n",
+ ""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# a compléter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Définissez une commande `rangee_triangles(nombre, cote)` qui dessine une rangée de pyramides selon l’illustration. Chaque triangle a des côtés de longueur `cote`.\n",
+ "Le paramètre `nombre` indique le nombre de triangles dans la rangée. Utilisez ensuite\n",
+ "cette commande pour dessiner une rangée de 13 triangles de côtés 31, centrée au\n",
+ "milieu de la fenêtre.\n",
+ "\n",
+ ""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def rangee_triangles(nombre, cote):\n",
+ " # a compléter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "# a compléter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Définissez une fonction `maison(h, c)` qui dessine une maison avec une porte de hauteur `h` et de vouleur `c`. \n",
+ "Les autres dimensions de la maison sont représentées sur l'image ci-dessous.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Écrire un programme qui utilise la fonction `maison(h, c)` pour reproduire la figure suivante:\n",
+ ""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def maison(h, c):\n",
+ " # a compléter\n",
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "speed(9) # pour dessiner vite\n",
+ "# dessiner le village (a compléter)\n",
+ "# a compléter\n",
+ "done()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Complément sur les valeurs par défaut *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Quand une fonction possède beaucoup d'arguments, nous pouvons spécifier des valeurs par défaut. Pour ceci nous ajoutons la valeur par défaut dans la liste de paramètres avec le symbole `=`.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "La fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white')` dessine un rectangle aux dimensions `d` x `e` à la position `p`.\n",
+ "Cette fonction possède 3 paramètres optionnels (valeur par défaut en parenthèse):\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- `w` -- épaisseur de ligne (`1`)\n",
+ "- `pen` -- couleur de ligne (`'black'`)\n",
+ "- `fill` -- couleur de remplissage (`'white'`)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Il a maintenant différentes façons à appeler la fonction. Tous les paramètres qui ont une valeur par défaut sont optionnels. Au minimum nous devons spécifier les paramètres sans valeur par défaut.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "```\n",
+ "rectangle((40, 0), 80, 40)\n",
+ "```\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Le rectangle est dessiné dans la direction actuelle de la tortue. Cette orientation peut être changée avec `seth()`. La tortue se positionne de l'autre côté du point de départ. Ceci permet d'enchainer à dessiner des rectangles.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "penup()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " pendown()\n",
+ " width(w)\n",
+ " pencolor(pen)\n",
+ " fillcolor(fill)\n",
+ " begin_fill()\n",
+ " for i in range(2):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " forward(e)\n",
+ " left(90)\n",
+ " end_fill()\n",
+ " penup()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "rectangle([-200, 30], 40, 30)\n",
+ "rectangle([-100, -20], 40, 30, 1, 'orange', 'orange')\n",
+ "rectangle([100, -40], 30, 80, fill='yellow')\n",
+ "rectangle([200, 100], 80, 40, 1, 'red', 'pink')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Polygone régulier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "La fonction `polygone()` dessine un polygone régulier avec n sommets. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- `d` -- distance du segment\n",
+ "- `n` -- nombre de segments\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def polygon(d, n, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n",
+ " down()\n",
+ " pencolor(pen)\n",
+ " width(w)\n",
+ " fillcolor(fill)\n",
+ " begin_fill()\n",
+ " for i in range(n):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(360/n)\n",
+ " end_fill()\n",
+ " up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "backward(280)\n",
+ "for n in range(3, 9):\n",
+ " polygon(40, n, fill='lime')\n",
+ " color('black')\n",
+ " forward(100)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Polygone étoilé\n",
+ "\n",
+ "En ajoutant un paramètre supplémentaire `m`, la fonction `polygone()` permet également de dessiner un polygone étoilé. Ce paramètre signifie le nombre de pics sauté pour aller au prochain des `n` points répartis dans un cercle. Pour `m=1` un polygone régulier est dessiné.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "es arguments de la fonction sont :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- `d` -- distance du segment\n",
+ "- `n` -- nombre de segments\n",
+ "- `m` -- paramètre pour polygone étoilé (nombre de pics sautés)\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def polygon(d, n, m=1, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n",
+ " down()\n",
+ " pencolor(pen)\n",
+ " width(w)\n",
+ " fillcolor(fill)\n",
+ " begin_fill()\n",
+ " for i in range(n):\n",
+ " forward(d)\n",
+ " left(m*360/n)\n",
+ " end_fill()\n",
+ " up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "speed(0)\n",
+ "backward(250)\n",
+ "for m in range(2, 6):\n",
+ " polygon(80, 11, m, fill='yellow')\n",
+ " color('black')\n",
+ " forward(140)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Utilisez la fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w, pen, fill)` pour dessiner une copie de ce tableau de Mondrian.\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "---\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#### Remarque générale\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ce document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n",
+ ""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.10.12"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres_corrige.ipynb b/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres_corrige.ipynb
index 362b91986dabc31da4867f0116248fa134dc3c64..68300f24b9ce5db91d2272f78f34b85d4484f52e 100644
--- a/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres_corrige.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/04_Les_fonctions_avec_parametres_corrige.ipynb
@@ -1,432 +1,432 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### A faire avant de commençer\n**Cliquez sur Exécuter tout** dans le menu **Cellule**.\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# 4. Les fonctions avec paramètres\n\nDans cette leçon, nous allons approfondir le concept de la fonction. Dans la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples, nous avons vu la fonction comme une façon de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions. Ici nous allons voir comment nous pouvons ajouter un ou plusieurs paramètres à une fonction. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- l'expression `def rect(d, e):` permet de définir une fonction avec deux paramètres,\n- les paramètres `d, e` sont des variables locales valides uniquement à l'intérieur de la définition de fonction,\n- ces paramètres prennent une valeur au moment de l'appel de la fonction avec `rect(50, 30)`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nEn Python, `def` est un raccourci pour\n\nA) défoncé\nB) défilé\nC) définition\nD) défavorisé\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) définition\n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Paramétrer une fonction\n\nJusqu'à maintenant, notre rectangle était d'une taille fixe. La fonction `rectangle()` de la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples \n```python \ndef rectangle():\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n```\n dessine toujours un rectangle de 160 x 100 pixels. Il faudrait faire une nouvelle fonction `rectangle2()` si on voulait dessiner une taille différente.\n\nIl serait très utile de disposer d'une fonction de la forme `rectangle(d, e)` qui puisse dessiner des rectangles de largeur et hauteur variable.\nC'est possible en spécifiant des **paramètres** pour la fonction.\nUn paramètre de fonction est une **variable locale** qui peut être utilisée dans sa définition.\n\nLors de l'appel de la fonction, nous donnons des valeurs à la fonction.\nCes valeurs sont les **arguments** de la fonction.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nComplétez le programme ci-dessous afin de dessiner un deuxième rectangle avec d'autres dimensions.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e): # paramètres (d, e)\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle(160, 100) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()\n\n```\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e): # paramètres (d, e)\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle(160, 100) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\nrectangle(200, 150) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\nrectangle(100, 250) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Exemples de fonctions avec des paramétres\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "**Exemple 1 : Le Losange**\n\nEssayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef losange(d, a): # paramètres (d=distance, a=angle)\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(a)\n\n forward(d)\n left(180-a)\n\nlosange(100, 60) # distance=100, angle=60\nlosange(140, 100) # distance=140, angle=100\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "On remarque que la fonction `losange(a, angle)`, définie ci-dessus, a comme paramètre la longueur et le premier angle. \n\nRemarque: Le deuxième angle du losange est calculé."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "**Exemple 2 : Le polygone**\n\nEssayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef polygone(d, n): # paramètres (d, n)\n for i in range(n):\n forward(d)\n left(360/n)\n\npolygone(100, 3) # triangle\npolygone(100, 4) # carré\npolygone(100, 5) # pentagon\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "On remarque que la fonction `polygone(d, n)` a comme paramètre la distance d'un côté et le nombre de sommets.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Retour à la maison...\n\nRevenons à l'exemple d'une fonction qui dessine une maison.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nComplétez le programme afin qu'il dessine une troisième maison de taille 100.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef maison(d):\n dot()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n\nbackward(200)\nmaison(50) # maison de taille 50\nforward(100)\nmaison(70) # maison de taille 70\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()\n```\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef maison(d):\n dot()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n\nbackward(200)\nmaison(50) # maison de taille 50\nforward(100)\nmaison(70) # maison de taille 70\n\nforward(150)\nmaison(100) # maison de taille 100\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Positionner la maison\n\n!!! info Rappel\nAu départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. \n\nCe rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n\n- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n!!!\n\nLa fonction `goto(x, y)` permet de placer directement la tortue à la position de coordonnées `(x, y)`. On peut utiliser `goto(x, y)` pour positionner notre maison à un endroit précis.\n\nPour désigner une position, nous utilisons la variable `p` (p pour position) qui représente le couple de coordonnées `[x, y]`."
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille différente.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef maison(p , d):\n goto(p) # aller à la position p\n dot() # ajouter un marquer (dot)\n down()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 50) # maison à la position (0, 0)\nmaison([-150, 50], 70) # maison à la position (-150, 50)\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef maison(p , d):\n goto(p) # aller à la position p\n dot() # ajouter un marquer (dot)\n down()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 50) # maison à la position (0, 0)\nmaison([-150, 50], 70) # maison à la position (-150, 50)\n\nmaison([-150, -200], 100) # maison à la position (-150, -200)\nmaison([130, 50], 30) # maison à la position (-150, -200)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "!!! info Les listes\nEn Python les données peuvent être de plusieurs type. Par exemple, nous avons déjà rencontré le type nombre entier (`int`), nombre à virgule **flottante** (`float`) et chaînes de caractères (`str`).\n\nEn python, le type `list` permet de définir des données composée d e plusieurs valeurs. Il suffit de mettre les valeurs, séparées par des virgules, entre des crochets.\n!!!"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Colorier la maison\n\nMaintenant nous modifions la fonction pour inclure non seulement la position, la taille, mais également la couleur de la maison comme paramètres. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `p` -- position de la maison\n- `d` -- dimension de la maison\n- `c` -- couleur de la maison\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille et couleur différente.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef maison(p, d, c):\n goto(p)\n dot()\n down()\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 70, 'lightblue')\nmaison([150, 30], 50, 'yellow')\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef maison(p, d, c):\n goto(p)\n dot()\n down()\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 70, 'lightblue')\nmaison([150, 30], 50, 'yellow')\n\nmaison([-150, -200], 100, \"blue\") \nmaison([-180, 80], 30, \"green\") \n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Drapeau tricolore\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\n1. Modifiez les couleurs pour afficher le drapeau de l'irlande (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix). \n2. Créez une deuxième fonction `drapeau2(d, c, c2, c3)` qui crée un drapeau avec des barres horizontales et utilisez là pour dessiner le drapeau des pays bas (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix).\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n\ndef drapeau(d, c1, c2, c3):\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c1)\n forward(d)\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c2)\n forward(d)\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c3)\n\ndrapeau(50, 'blue', 'white', 'red')\n\ndone()\n\n\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n\ndef drapeau(d, c1, c2, c3):\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c1)\n forward(d)\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c2)\n forward(d)\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c3)\n\n\ndef drapeau2(d, c1, c2, c3):\n rectangle(4*d, d, c1)\n left(90)\n forward(d)\n right(90)\n rectangle(4*d, d, c2)\n left(90)\n forward(d)\n right(90)\n rectangle(4*d, d, c3)\n\npenup()\ngoto(-200,0)\npendown()\ndrapeau(50, 'green', 'white', 'orange')\n\npenup()\ngoto(50,0)\npendown()\ndrapeau2(50, 'blue', 'white', 'red')\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Arbre\n\nPour dessiner un arbre simple, nous utilisons un segment droit pour le tronc et un disque (dot) pour le feuillage.\nC'est une fonction qui a 3 paramètres\n\n- `d` -- longueur du tronc\n- `c` -- couleur du tronc\n- `c2` -- couleur du feuillage\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez et utilisez une fonction `foret(n)` qui dessine `n` arbres.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef arbre(d, c, c2):\n down()\n left(90)\n width(d/6) # tronc\n pencolor(c)\n forward(d)\n dot(d, c2) # feuillage\n up()\n backward(d) # retourner à la position de départ\n right(90)\n\n\narbre(100, 'brown', 'lime')\nforward(70)\narbre(90, 'brown', 'green')\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef arbre(d, c, c2):\n down()\n left(90)\n width(d/6) # tronc\n pencolor(c)\n forward(d)\n dot(d, c2) # feuillage\n up()\n backward(d) # retourner à la position de départ\n right(90)\n\ndef foret(n):\n for _ in range(n):\n arbre(90, 'brown', 'green')\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n right(90)\n forward(40)\n\nup()\ngoto(-200,0)\nforet(4) \n \ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Coeur\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nAjoutez deux paramètres: `w` pour l'épaisseur de la ligne (width), et `c2` pour la couleur de ligne. \nLa fonction aura la forme `coeur(r, w, c, c2)`.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef coeur(r, c):\n down()\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n left(90)\n circle(r, 225)\n forward(2.4*r)\n left(90)\n forward(2.4*r)\n circle(r, 225)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\ncoeur(50, 'darkviolet')\nforward(130)\ncoeur(40, 'tomato')\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef coeur(r, w, c, c2):\n down()\n width(w)\n pencolor(c2)\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n left(90)\n circle(r, 225)\n forward(2.4*r)\n left(90)\n forward(2.4*r)\n circle(r, 225)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\ncoeur(50,5, 'darkviolet', \"red\")\nforward(130)\ncoeur(40,2, 'tomato', \"green\")\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Autres exemples de fonction\n\n**Exemple 1: Dessiner un bus**\n\nPour dessiner un bus, une voiture ou un camion simple, nous pouvons utiliser des rectangles pour le châssis, et un disque (dot) pour les roues.\nC'est une fonction qui a comme paramètres\n\n- `p` -- position du bus\n- `d` -- dimension (longeur) du bus\n- `c` -- couleur du bus"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n\ndef bus(p, d, c):\n goto(p)\n down()\n rectangle(d, d/3, c) # chassis\n forward(d/4)\n dot(d/5) # roue arrière\n dot(d/10, 'white')\n forward(d/2)\n dot(d/5) # roue avant\n dot(d/10, 'white')\n up()\n\nbus([-200, 50], 200, 'red')\nbus([50, 20], 150, 'lightblue')\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "**Exemple 2: L'escalier**\n\nPour dessiner un escalier notre fonction aura les paramètres suivants:\n\n- `d` -- longueur de marche\n- `e` -- hauteur de marche\n- `n` -- nombre de marches\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false,
- "scrolled": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef escalier(d, e, n):\n dot() # marqueur de début\n for i in range(n):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n right(90)\n\nescalier(20, 10, 5)\nescalier(10, -20, 5)\nescalier(30, 10, 4)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Nommer une variable\n\nPour nommer une variable, on utilise les caractères suivants :\n\n- lettres (`a...z` et `A...Z`),\n- chiffres (`0...9`),\n- le tiret bas (`_`).\n\nLe nom de variable :\n\n- est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules (`BUS` et `bus` sont des noms de variables différents),\n- ne peut pas commencer avec un chiffre,\n- ne doit pas consister d'un mot-clé (`def`, `for`, `in`, `from`, ...),\n\nPar exemplee, les noms de variables suivantes sont valides : \n `a2`, `_a`, `speed`, `pos_x`, `POS_X`,\n\ntandis que ceux là ne le sont pas : `2a`, `def`, `pos x`.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nLesquels des noms de variable sont valides ?\n\nA) var 2\nB) var2\nC) 2var\nD) IF\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Votre réponse: "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) `var2`\n \nD) `IF` serait valable car différent du mot clé `if` (rappel : Python est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules)\n \nLes deux autres ne sont pas valables car `var 2` contient une espace et `2var` commence par un chiffre.\n \n</div>\n</details>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCorrigez le programme ci-dessous afin qu'il affiche un triangle rouge\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef triangle_couleur(d, c):\n pencolor(c)\n for i in range(3):\n forward(d)\n left(120)\n\ntriangle_couleur(\"red\", 100)\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle_couleur(d, c):\n pencolor(c)\n for i in range(3):\n forward(d)\n left(120)\n\ntriangle_couleur(100, \"red\") #il fallait changer l'ordre\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant (voir plus bas pour tester) :\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# pour être à gauche du canevas\nbackward(250)\n\n# Code à factoriser\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(30)\n right(120)\nforward(30)\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(60)\n right(120)\nforward(60)\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(90)\n right(120)\nforward(90)\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(120)\n right(120)\nforward(120)\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(150)\n right(120)\n\ndone()\n```\n2. Définissez une fonction `triangle(l)`, qui permet de tracer des triangles équilatéraux de longueur lg, et utilisez-là pour réduire le nombre d’instructions du programme. \n\n**NB**: Le nombre d'instructions du programme doit être au moins divisé par 2.\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# pour être à gauche du canevas\nbackward(250)\n\ndef triangle(l):\n for k in range(3):\n forward(l)\n right(120)\n\n# Code à factoriser\ntriangle(30)\nforward(30)\ntriangle(60)\nforward(60)\ntriangle(90)\nforward(90)\ntriangle(120)\nforward(120)\ntriangle(150)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
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- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\n\nDéfinir une fonction `carre_couleur(d,c )` qui demande à la tortue de\ndessiner des carrés colorés de longueur variés. Elle doit dessiner trois triangles comme sur la figure ci-dessous.\n\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef carre(l,c):\n pencolor(c)\n for _ in range(4):\n left(90)\n forward(l)\n\nwidth(3)\ncarre(130, \"red\")\nleft(120)\ncarre(100, \"green\")\nleft(120)\ncarre(70, \"pink\")\n\ndone()",
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- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez une commande `rangee_triangles(nombre, cote)` qui dessine une rangée de pyramides selon l’illustration. Chaque triangle a des côtés de longueur `cote`.\nLe paramètre `nombre` indique le nombre de triangles dans la rangée. Utilisez ensuite\ncette commande pour dessiner une rangée de 20 triangles de côtés 31, centrée au\nmilieu de la fenêtre.\n\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rangee_triangles(nombre, cote):\n left(60)\n for _ in range(nombre):\n forward(cote)\n right(120)\n forward(cote)\n left(120)\n\n# mettre à gauche\nup()\nbackward(300)\ndown()\n\n# utiliser la fonction\nrangee_triangles(13, 31)\n\ndone()",
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- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez une fonction `maison(h, c)` qui dessine une maison avec une porte de hauteur `h` et de vouleur `c`. \nLes autres dimensions de la maison sont représentées sur l'image ci-dessous.\n\nÉcrire un programme qui utilise la fonction `maison(h, c)` pour reproduire la figure suivante:\n"
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- "source": "from turtle import *\n\n\ndef maison(h, c):\n #deddin de la base\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(80)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n \n # desin de la porte\n color(c)\n forward(h)\n right(90)\n forward(40)\n right(90)\n forward(h)\n left(90)\n \n color(\"black\")\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(80)\n \n # toit\n color(\"green\")\n left(30)\n forward(80)\n left(120)\n forward(80)\n \n color(\"black\")\n left(30)\n forward(80)\n left(90)\n\n \nspeed(9) # pour dessiner vite\nwidth(2)\n\n# se mettre à gauche du dessin\npenup()\ngoto(-250,0)\npendown()\n# dessiner les maisons porte rouge \nfor _ in range(5):\n maison(40, \"red\")\n penup()\n forward(90)\n pendown()\n\n# se mettre à gauche en bas du dessin\npenup()\ngoto(-250,-200)\npendown()\n# dessiner les maisons porte rouge \nfor _ in range(5):\n maison(60, \"blue\")\n penup()\n forward(90)\n pendown()\n \ndone()",
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- "outputs": [
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# Complément sur les valeurs par défaut *\n\nQuand une fonction possède beaucoup d'arguments, nous pouvons spécifier des valeurs par défaut. Pour ceci nous ajoutons la valeur par défaut dans la liste de paramètres avec le symbole `=`.\n\nLa fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white')` dessine un rectangle aux dimensions `d` x `e` à la position `p`.\nCette fonction possède 3 paramètres optionnels (valeur par défaut en parenthèse):\n\n- `w` -- épaisseur de ligne (`1`)\n- `pen` -- couleur de ligne (`'black'`)\n- `fill` -- couleur de remplissage (`'white'`)\n\nIl a maintenant différentes façons à appeler la fonction. Tous les paramètres qui ont une valeur par défaut sont optionnels. Au minimum nous devons spécifier les paramètres sans valeur par défaut.\n\n```\nrectangle((40, 0), 80, 40)\n```\n\nLe rectangle est dessiné dans la direction actuelle de la tortue. Cette orientation peut être changée avec `seth()`. La tortue se positionne de l'autre côté du point de départ. Ceci permet d'enchainer à dessiner des rectangles.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\npenup()\n\ndef rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n goto(p)\n pendown()\n width(w)\n pencolor(pen)\n fillcolor(fill)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n penup()\n\nrectangle([-200, 30], 40, 30)\nrectangle([-100, -20], 40, 30, 1, 'orange', 'orange')\nrectangle([100, -40], 30, 80, fill='yellow')\nrectangle([200, 100], 80, 40, 1, 'red', 'pink')\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Polygone régulier\n\nLa fonction `polygone()` dessine un polygone régulier avec n sommets. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `d` -- distance du segment\n- `n` -- nombre de segments\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef polygon(d, n, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n down()\n pencolor(pen)\n width(w)\n fillcolor(fill)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(n):\n forward(d)\n left(360/n)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\nup()\nbackward(280)\nfor n in range(3, 9):\n polygon(40, n, fill='lime')\n color('black')\n forward(100)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Polygone étoilé\n\nEn ajoutant un paramètre supplémentaire `m`, la fonction `polygone()` permet également de dessiner un polygone étoilé. Ce paramètre signifie le nombre de pics sauté pour aller au prochain des `n` points répartis dans un cercle. Pour `m=1` un polygone régulier est dessiné.\n\nes arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `d` -- distance du segment\n- `n` -- nombre de segments\n- `m` -- paramètre pour polygone étoilé (nombre de pics sautés)\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef polygon(d, n, m=1, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n down()\n pencolor(pen)\n width(w)\n fillcolor(fill)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(n):\n forward(d)\n left(m*360/n)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\nup()\nspeed(0)\nbackward(250)\nfor m in range(2, 6):\n polygon(80, 11, m, fill='yellow')\n color('black')\n forward(140)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "outputs": [
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- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nUtilisez la fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w, pen, fill)` pour dessiner une copie de ce tableau de Mondrian.\n"
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- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n"
- },
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- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
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- "execution_count": null,
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+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### A faire avant de commençer\n**Cliquez sur Exécuter tout** dans le menu **Cellule**.\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# 4. Les fonctions avec paramètres\n\nDans cette leçon, nous allons approfondir le concept de la fonction. Dans la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples, nous avons vu la fonction comme une façon de donner un nom à une séquence d'instructions. Ici nous allons voir comment nous pouvons ajouter un ou plusieurs paramètres à une fonction. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- l'expression `def rect(d, e):` permet de définir une fonction avec deux paramètres,\n- les paramètres `d, e` sont des variables locales valides uniquement à l'intérieur de la définition de fonction,\n- ces paramètres prennent une valeur au moment de l'appel de la fonction avec `rect(50, 30)`.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nEn Python, `def` est un raccourci pour\n\nA) défoncé\nB) défilé\nC) définition\nD) défavorisé\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\nC) définition\n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Paramétrer une fonction\n\nJusqu'à maintenant, notre rectangle était d'une taille fixe. La fonction `rectangle()` de la leçon 3 sur les fonctions simples \n```python \ndef rectangle():\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n forward(160)\n left(90)\n forward(100)\n left(90)\n```\n dessine toujours un rectangle de 160 x 100 pixels. Il faudrait faire une nouvelle fonction `rectangle2()` si on voulait dessiner une taille différente.\n\nIl serait très utile de disposer d'une fonction de la forme `rectangle(d, e)` qui puisse dessiner des rectangles de largeur et hauteur variable.\nC'est possible en spécifiant des **paramètres** pour la fonction.\nUn paramètre de fonction est une **variable locale** qui peut être utilisée dans sa définition.\n\nLors de l'appel de la fonction, nous donnons des valeurs à la fonction.\nCes valeurs sont les **arguments** de la fonction.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\nComplétez le programme ci-dessous afin de dessiner un deuxième rectangle avec d'autres dimensions.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e): # paramètres (d, e)\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle(160, 100) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()\n\n```\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e): # paramètres (d, e)\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n\nrectangle(160, 100) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\nrectangle(200, 150) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\nrectangle(100, 250) # largeur=160, hauteur=100\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Exemples de fonctions avec des paramétres\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "**Exemple 1 : Le Losange**\n\nEssayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef losange(d, a): # paramètres (d=distance, a=angle)\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(a)\n\n forward(d)\n left(180-a)\n\nlosange(100, 60) # distance=100, angle=60\nlosange(140, 100) # distance=140, angle=100\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "On remarque que la fonction `losange(a, angle)`, définie ci-dessus, a comme paramètre la longueur et le premier angle. \n\nRemarque: Le deuxième angle du losange est calculé."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "**Exemple 2 : Le polygone**\n\nEssayez de comprendre le programme ci-dessous, puis exécutez le..."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef polygone(d, n): # paramètres (d, n)\n for i in range(n):\n forward(d)\n left(360/n)\n\npolygone(100, 3) # triangle\npolygone(100, 4) # carré\npolygone(100, 5) # pentagon\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "On remarque que la fonction `polygone(d, n)` a comme paramètre la distance d'un côté et le nombre de sommets.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Retour à la maison...\n\nRevenons à l'exemple d'une fonction qui dessine une maison.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nComplétez le programme afin qu'il dessine une troisième maison de taille 100.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef maison(d):\n dot()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n\nbackward(200)\nmaison(50) # maison de taille 50\nforward(100)\nmaison(70) # maison de taille 70\n\n# à compléter\n\ndone()\n```\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef maison(d):\n dot()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n\nbackward(200)\nmaison(50) # maison de taille 50\nforward(100)\nmaison(70) # maison de taille 70\n\nforward(150)\nmaison(100) # maison de taille 100\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Positionner la maison\n\n!!! info Rappel\nAu départ, la tortue se trouve au centre d'une zone rectangulaire appelée _canevas_. \n\nCe rectangle a les propriétés suivantes :\n\n- l'origine (0, 0) se trouve au centre,\n- l'axe horizontal x, s'étend de -300 à +300 (à droite),\n- l'axe vertical y, s'étend de -200 à +200 (en haut).\n!!!\n\nLa fonction `goto(x, y)` permet de placer directement la tortue à la position de coordonnées `(x, y)`. On peut utiliser `goto(x, y)` pour positionner notre maison à un endroit précis.\n\nPour désigner une position, nous utilisons la variable `p` (p pour position) qui représente le couple de coordonnées `[x, y]`."
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille différente.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef maison(p , d):\n goto(p) # aller à la position p\n dot() # ajouter un marquer (dot)\n down()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 50) # maison à la position (0, 0)\nmaison([-150, 50], 70) # maison à la position (-150, 50)\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef maison(p , d):\n goto(p) # aller à la position p\n dot() # ajouter un marquer (dot)\n down()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 50) # maison à la position (0, 0)\nmaison([-150, 50], 70) # maison à la position (-150, 50)\n\nmaison([-150, -200], 100) # maison à la position (-150, -200)\nmaison([130, 50], 30) # maison à la position (-150, -200)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "!!! info Les listes\nEn Python les données peuvent être de plusieurs type. Par exemple, nous avons déjà rencontré le type nombre entier (`int`), nombre à virgule **flottante** (`float`) et chaînes de caractères (`str`).\n\nEn python, le type `list` permet de définir des données composée d e plusieurs valeurs. Il suffit de mettre les valeurs, séparées par des virgules, entre des crochets.\n!!!"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Colorier la maison\n\nMaintenant nous modifions la fonction pour inclure non seulement la position, la taille, mais également la couleur de la maison comme paramètres. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `p` -- position de la maison\n- `d` -- dimension de la maison\n- `c` -- couleur de la maison\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Aujoutez deux autres maisons de taille et couleur différente.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef maison(p, d, c):\n goto(p)\n dot()\n down()\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 70, 'lightblue')\nmaison([150, 30], 50, 'yellow')\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef maison(p, d, c):\n goto(p)\n dot()\n down()\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n forward (1.41*d) # sol\n left(90)\n forward(d) # mur droit\n left(45)\n forward(d) # toit droit\n left(90)\n forward(d) # toit gauche\n left(45)\n forward(d) # mur gauche\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\nmaison([0, 0], 70, 'lightblue')\nmaison([150, 30], 50, 'yellow')\n\nmaison([-150, -200], 100, \"blue\") \nmaison([-180, 80], 30, \"green\") \n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Drapeau tricolore\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\n1. Modifiez les couleurs pour afficher le drapeau de l'irlande (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix). \n2. Créez une deuxième fonction `drapeau2(d, c, c2, c3)` qui crée un drapeau avec des barres horizontales et utilisez là pour dessiner le drapeau des pays bas (ou d'un autre pays de votre choix).\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n\ndef drapeau(d, c1, c2, c3):\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c1)\n forward(d)\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c2)\n forward(d)\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c3)\n\ndrapeau(50, 'blue', 'white', 'red')\n\ndone()\n\n\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n\ndef drapeau(d, c1, c2, c3):\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c1)\n forward(d)\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c2)\n forward(d)\n rectangle(d, 2*d, c3)\n\n\ndef drapeau2(d, c1, c2, c3):\n rectangle(4*d, d, c1)\n left(90)\n forward(d)\n right(90)\n rectangle(4*d, d, c2)\n left(90)\n forward(d)\n right(90)\n rectangle(4*d, d, c3)\n\npenup()\ngoto(-200,0)\npendown()\ndrapeau(50, 'green', 'white', 'orange')\n\npenup()\ngoto(50,0)\npendown()\ndrapeau2(50, 'blue', 'white', 'red')\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Arbre\n\nPour dessiner un arbre simple, nous utilisons un segment droit pour le tronc et un disque (dot) pour le feuillage.\nC'est une fonction qui a 3 paramètres\n\n- `d` -- longueur du tronc\n- `c` -- couleur du tronc\n- `c2` -- couleur du feuillage\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez et utilisez une fonction `foret(n)` qui dessine `n` arbres.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef arbre(d, c, c2):\n down()\n left(90)\n width(d/6) # tronc\n pencolor(c)\n forward(d)\n dot(d, c2) # feuillage\n up()\n backward(d) # retourner à la position de départ\n right(90)\n\n\narbre(100, 'brown', 'lime')\nforward(70)\narbre(90, 'brown', 'green')\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef arbre(d, c, c2):\n down()\n left(90)\n width(d/6) # tronc\n pencolor(c)\n forward(d)\n dot(d, c2) # feuillage\n up()\n backward(d) # retourner à la position de départ\n right(90)\n\ndef foret(n):\n for _ in range(n):\n arbre(90, 'brown', 'green')\n forward(40)\n left(90)\n forward(40)\n right(90)\n forward(40)\n\nup()\ngoto(-200,0)\nforet(4) \n \ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Coeur\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>\n\nAjoutez deux paramètres: `w` pour l'épaisseur de la ligne (width), et `c2` pour la couleur de ligne. \nLa fonction aura la forme `coeur(r, w, c, c2)`.\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef coeur(r, c):\n down()\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n left(90)\n circle(r, 225)\n forward(2.4*r)\n left(90)\n forward(2.4*r)\n circle(r, 225)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\ncoeur(50, 'darkviolet')\nforward(130)\ncoeur(40, 'tomato')\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef coeur(r, w, c, c2):\n down()\n width(w)\n pencolor(c2)\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n left(90)\n circle(r, 225)\n forward(2.4*r)\n left(90)\n forward(2.4*r)\n circle(r, 225)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\ncoeur(50,5, 'darkviolet', \"red\")\nforward(130)\ncoeur(40,2, 'tomato', \"green\")\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Autres exemples de fonction\n\n**Exemple 1: Dessiner un bus**\n\nPour dessiner un bus, une voiture ou un camion simple, nous pouvons utiliser des rectangles pour le châssis, et un disque (dot) pour les roues.\nC'est une fonction qui a comme paramètres\n\n- `p` -- position du bus\n- `d` -- dimension (longeur) du bus\n- `c` -- couleur du bus"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\nup()\n\ndef rectangle(d, e, c):\n fillcolor(c)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n\ndef bus(p, d, c):\n goto(p)\n down()\n rectangle(d, d/3, c) # chassis\n forward(d/4)\n dot(d/5) # roue arrière\n dot(d/10, 'white')\n forward(d/2)\n dot(d/5) # roue avant\n dot(d/10, 'white')\n up()\n\nbus([-200, 50], 200, 'red')\nbus([50, 20], 150, 'lightblue')\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "**Exemple 2: L'escalier**\n\nPour dessiner un escalier notre fonction aura les paramètres suivants:\n\n- `d` -- longueur de marche\n- `e` -- hauteur de marche\n- `n` -- nombre de marches\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false,
+ "scrolled": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef escalier(d, e, n):\n dot() # marqueur de début\n for i in range(n):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n right(90)\n\nescalier(20, 10, 5)\nescalier(10, -20, 5)\nescalier(30, 10, 4)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Nommer une variable\n\nPour nommer une variable, on utilise les caractères suivants :\n\n- lettres (`a...z` et `A...Z`),\n- chiffres (`0...9`),\n- le tiret bas (`_`).\n\nLe nom de variable :\n\n- est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules (`BUS` et `bus` sont des noms de variables différents),\n- ne peut pas commencer avec un chiffre,\n- ne doit pas consister d'un mot-clé (`def`, `for`, `in`, `from`, ...),\n\nPar exemplee, les noms de variables suivantes sont valides : \n `a2`, `_a`, `speed`, `pos_x`, `POS_X`,\n\ntandis que ceux là ne le sont pas : `2a`, `def`, `pos x`.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nLesquels des noms de variable sont valides ?\n\nA) var 2\nB) var2\nC) 2var\nD) IF\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "source": "Votre réponse: "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">\n\nB) `var2`\n \nD) `IF` serait valable car différent du mot clé `if` (rappel : Python est sensible aux majuscules/minuscules)\n \nLes deux autres ne sont pas valables car `var 2` contient une espace et `2var` commence par un chiffre.\n \n</div>\n</details>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Exercices d'entraînement "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCorrigez le programme ci-dessous afin qu'il affiche un triangle rouge\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef triangle_couleur(d, c):\n pencolor(c)\n for i in range(3):\n forward(d)\n left(120)\n\ntriangle_couleur(\"red\", 100)\n\ndone()\n```\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle_couleur(d, c):\n pencolor(c)\n for i in range(3):\n forward(d)\n left(120)\n\ntriangle_couleur(100, \"red\") #il fallait changer l'ordre\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant (voir plus bas pour tester) :\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\n# pour être à gauche du canevas\nbackward(250)\n\n# Code à factoriser\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(30)\n right(120)\nforward(30)\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(60)\n right(120)\nforward(60)\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(90)\n right(120)\nforward(90)\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(120)\n right(120)\nforward(120)\nfor k in range(3):\n forward(150)\n right(120)\n\ndone()\n```\n2. Définissez une fonction `triangle(l)`, qui permet de tracer des triangles équilatéraux de longueur lg, et utilisez-là pour réduire le nombre d’instructions du programme. \n\n**NB**: Le nombre d'instructions du programme doit être au moins divisé par 2.\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n# pour être à gauche du canevas\nbackward(250)\n\ndef triangle(l):\n for k in range(3):\n forward(l)\n right(120)\n\n# Code à factoriser\ntriangle(30)\nforward(30)\ntriangle(60)\nforward(60)\ntriangle(90)\nforward(90)\ntriangle(120)\nforward(120)\ntriangle(150)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>\n\n\nDéfinir une fonction `carre_couleur(d,c )` qui demande à la tortue de\ndessiner des carrés colorés de longueur variés. Elle doit dessiner trois triangles comme sur la figure ci-dessous.\n\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef carre(l,c):\n pencolor(c)\n for _ in range(4):\n left(90)\n forward(l)\n\nwidth(3)\ncarre(130, \"red\")\nleft(120)\ncarre(100, \"green\")\nleft(120)\ncarre(70, \"pink\")\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez une commande `rangee_triangles(nombre, cote)` qui dessine une rangée de pyramides selon l’illustration. Chaque triangle a des côtés de longueur `cote`.\nLe paramètre `nombre` indique le nombre de triangles dans la rangée. Utilisez ensuite\ncette commande pour dessiner une rangée de 20 triangles de côtés 31, centrée au\nmilieu de la fenêtre.\n\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef rangee_triangles(nombre, cote):\n left(60)\n for _ in range(nombre):\n forward(cote)\n right(120)\n forward(cote)\n left(120)\n\n# mettre à gauche\nup()\nbackward(300)\ndown()\n\n# utiliser la fonction\nrangee_triangles(13, 31)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nDéfinissez une fonction `maison(h, c)` qui dessine une maison avec une porte de hauteur `h` et de vouleur `c`. \nLes autres dimensions de la maison sont représentées sur l'image ci-dessous.\n\nÉcrire un programme qui utilise la fonction `maison(h, c)` pour reproduire la figure suivante:\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\n\ndef maison(h, c):\n #deddin de la base\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(80)\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n \n # desin de la porte\n color(c)\n forward(h)\n right(90)\n forward(40)\n right(90)\n forward(h)\n left(90)\n \n color(\"black\")\n forward(20)\n left(90)\n forward(80)\n \n # toit\n color(\"green\")\n left(30)\n forward(80)\n left(120)\n forward(80)\n \n color(\"black\")\n left(30)\n forward(80)\n left(90)\n\n \nspeed(9) # pour dessiner vite\nwidth(2)\n\n# se mettre à gauche du dessin\npenup()\ngoto(-250,0)\npendown()\n# dessiner les maisons porte rouge \nfor _ in range(5):\n maison(40, \"red\")\n penup()\n forward(90)\n pendown()\n\n# se mettre à gauche en bas du dessin\npenup()\ngoto(-250,-200)\npendown()\n# dessiner les maisons porte rouge \nfor _ in range(5):\n maison(60, \"blue\")\n penup()\n forward(90)\n pendown()\n \ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
+ "data": {
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+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "# Complément sur les valeurs par défaut *\n\nQuand une fonction possède beaucoup d'arguments, nous pouvons spécifier des valeurs par défaut. Pour ceci nous ajoutons la valeur par défaut dans la liste de paramètres avec le symbole `=`.\n\nLa fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white')` dessine un rectangle aux dimensions `d` x `e` à la position `p`.\nCette fonction possède 3 paramètres optionnels (valeur par défaut en parenthèse):\n\n- `w` -- épaisseur de ligne (`1`)\n- `pen` -- couleur de ligne (`'black'`)\n- `fill` -- couleur de remplissage (`'white'`)\n\nIl a maintenant différentes façons à appeler la fonction. Tous les paramètres qui ont une valeur par défaut sont optionnels. Au minimum nous devons spécifier les paramètres sans valeur par défaut.\n\n```\nrectangle((40, 0), 80, 40)\n```\n\nLe rectangle est dessiné dans la direction actuelle de la tortue. Cette orientation peut être changée avec `seth()`. La tortue se positionne de l'autre côté du point de départ. Ceci permet d'enchainer à dessiner des rectangles.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\npenup()\n\ndef rectangle(p, d, e, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n goto(p)\n pendown()\n width(w)\n pencolor(pen)\n fillcolor(fill)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(2):\n forward(d)\n left(90)\n forward(e)\n left(90)\n end_fill()\n penup()\n\nrectangle([-200, 30], 40, 30)\nrectangle([-100, -20], 40, 30, 1, 'orange', 'orange')\nrectangle([100, -40], 30, 80, fill='yellow')\nrectangle([200, 100], 80, 40, 1, 'red', 'pink')\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Polygone régulier\n\nLa fonction `polygone()` dessine un polygone régulier avec n sommets. Les arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `d` -- distance du segment\n- `n` -- nombre de segments\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef polygon(d, n, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n down()\n pencolor(pen)\n width(w)\n fillcolor(fill)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(n):\n forward(d)\n left(360/n)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\nup()\nbackward(280)\nfor n in range(3, 9):\n polygon(40, n, fill='lime')\n color('black')\n forward(100)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "## Polygone étoilé\n\nEn ajoutant un paramètre supplémentaire `m`, la fonction `polygone()` permet également de dessiner un polygone étoilé. Ce paramètre signifie le nombre de pics sauté pour aller au prochain des `n` points répartis dans un cercle. Pour `m=1` un polygone régulier est dessiné.\n\nes arguments de la fonction sont :\n\n- `d` -- distance du segment\n- `n` -- nombre de segments\n- `m` -- paramètre pour polygone étoilé (nombre de pics sautés)\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef polygon(d, n, m=1, w=1, pen='black', fill='white'):\n down()\n pencolor(pen)\n width(w)\n fillcolor(fill)\n begin_fill()\n for i in range(n):\n forward(d)\n left(m*360/n)\n end_fill()\n up()\n\nup()\nspeed(0)\nbackward(250)\nfor m in range(2, 6):\n polygon(80, 11, m, fill='yellow')\n color('black')\n forward(140)\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "display_data",
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
}
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12 </h3>\n\nUtilisez la fonction `rectangle(p, d, e, w, pen, fill)` pour dessiner une copie de ce tableau de Mondrian.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
},
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.10.12"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/06_Les_conditions.ipynb b/Notebooks/06_Les_conditions.ipynb
index a4fbea3a98a6cc2d2db9ac07d27bffd0763bcf69..1de04da512dc963e104f1e74b6d6d3c0b3a18ca6 100644
--- a/Notebooks/06_Les_conditions.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/06_Les_conditions.ipynb
@@ -1,901 +1,901 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<div style=\"padding:20px;background-color:papayawhip;\" > \n",
- "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate\"> <i class=\"fa fa-info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Remarque introductive <i class=\"fa fa-info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></h3> \n",
- "<p> Ce fichier est fait pour être lu sur le site <a href=\"https://notebook.basthon.fr/\"><img src='https://notebook.basthon.fr/assets/efede5218c9087496f16.png' style=\"border: 0; display:inline; margin: 0 5px; height:30px\" alt=\"Basthon\"/></a>. <br>\n",
- " \n",
- "Si vous l'avez ouvert avec un autre programme, comme Jupyter notebook, vous riquez de rencontrer quelques bugs. <br>\n",
- "Veuillez cliquez sur <a href=\"https://notebook.basthon.fr/\">ce lien</a> et y charger ce fichier à l'aide du bouton \"Ouvrir\" <i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i>\n",
- "</p> </div> "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "# Décider - `if`\n",
- "\n",
- "Dans ce chapitre, nous allons voir comment un programme peut faire des choix, et comment il peut exécuter du code de façon sélective. Nous allons voir que :\n",
- "\n",
- "- le mot-clé `if` permet une exécution conditionnelle,\n",
- "- le mot-clé `if-else` permet de choisir entre deux alternatives,\n",
- "- le mot-clé `elif` (else if) permet d'ajouter différentes conditions.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n",
- " \n",
- "```\n",
- "En Python, `if` est suivi\n",
- "\n",
- "A) d'un bloc\n",
- "B) d'une condition\n",
- "C) de parenthèses\n",
- "D) d'un deux-points\n",
- "```"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ma réponse : "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<details>\n",
- "<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \n",
- "Réponse\n",
- "</summary> \n",
- "\n",
- "<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">B) d'une condition\n",
- "</div>\n",
- "</details>\n",
- " \n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Comparer\n",
- "\n",
- "Un programme doit parfois comparer deux valeurs.\n",
- "Python connait six types de comparaisons :\n",
- "\n",
- "- plus petit (`<`),\n",
- "- plus petit ou égal (`<=`),\n",
- "- égal (`==`),\n",
- "- différent (`!=`),\n",
- "- plus grand (`>`),\n",
- "- plus grand ou égal (`>=`).\n",
- "\n",
- "Dans des formules mathématiques nous utilisons les symboles ≤, ≥ et ≠. En Python vous devez utiliser deux symboles: `<=`, `>=` et `!=` à la place.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Ajoutez des exemples avec les autres 5 comparateurs.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "name": "stdout",
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": [
- "x = 3\n",
- "(x < 2) = False\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "source": [
- "x = 3\n",
- "print('x =', x)\n",
- "print('(x < 2) =', x < 2)\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n",
- " \n",
- "```\n",
- "L'expression `x == 2`\n",
- "\n",
- "A) met la valeur 2 dans la variable x\n",
- "B) compare deux valeurs\n",
- "C) affecte la variable x avec une valeur\n",
- "D) retourne True ou False\n",
- "```"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Ma réponse : "
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<details>\n",
- "<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \n",
- "Réponse\n",
- "</summary> \n",
- "\n",
- "<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">D) retourne True ou False\n",
- "</div>\n",
- "</details>\n",
- " \n",
- "```{caution}\n",
- "!! Il ne faut pas confondre l'opérateur d'affectation (`x = 2`) avec l'opérateur de comparaison (`x == 2`) !!\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "Le résultat d'une comparaison est une valeur booléenne, soit `True` soit `False`.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>Que se passe-t-il si vous échangez les deux éléments dans `x == 2` ? \n",
- "Et si vous échangez les deux éléments dans `x = 2` ?\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "x = 2 # affectation\n",
- "x == 2 # comparaison\n",
- "print(x)\n",
- "print(x == 2)\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "### Êtes-vous majeur ?\n",
- "\n",
- "Basé sur votre âge, le programme exécute soit le premier bloc (`if`) soit le deuxième bloc (`else`). Il affiche si vous êtes majeur ou pas.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "age = input('Entrez votre âge: ')\n",
- "\n",
- "if int(age) < 18:\n",
- " print('accès interdit - vous êtes mineur')\n",
- "else:\n",
- " print('accès OK - vous êtes majeur')\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "### Le signe d'un nombre\n",
- "\n",
- "Le mot-clé `elif` est une contraction de **else if** et permet de continuer à tester d'autres conditions.\n",
- "Trouvez le signe d'un nombre.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "n = input('Entrez un nombre: ')\n",
- "n = int(n)\n",
- "\n",
- "if n > 0:\n",
- " print('positif')\n",
- "elif n < 0:\n",
- " print('négatif')\n",
- "else:\n",
- " print('zéro')\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Sans le mot-clé `elif` nous devrions mettre le bloc `if` à l'intérieur du bloc `else` en indentation.\n",
- "Avec multiples conditions, les blocs se décalent de plus en plus et rendent le programme illisible.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Testez le programme avec -2, 0, 3.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "n = input('Entrez un nombre: ')\n",
- "n = int(n)\n",
- "\n",
- "if n > 0:\n",
- " print('positif')\n",
- "else:\n",
- " if n < 0:\n",
- " print('négatif')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " print('zéro')\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Visualiser la comparaison\n",
- "\n",
- "Dans l'exemple suivant, nous visualisons le résultat des 6 comparateurs en affichant graphiquement le résultat des 6 comparaisons du type `i < n`. \n",
- "\n",
- "- La variable `i` va de -9 à 9\n",
- "- La variable `n` est marquée en rouge\n",
- "- Le résultat `True ` est exprimé avec un grand point, `False` avec un petit\n",
- "\n",
- "Que fait l'expression `'red' if i == n else 'black'` ?\n",
- "\n",
- "Elle renvoie `'red'` si `i == n` et `'black'` autrement.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Modifiez la variable `n` et exécutez le code de nouveau.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "d = 20 # dimension de base\n",
- "n = 2 # valeur de comparaison\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "for j in range(7):\n",
- " for i in range(-10, 10):\n",
- " goto(i*d, 100-j*d)\n",
- " color('red' if i == n else 'black')\n",
- " if i == -10:\n",
- " c = ('i', '< n', '<= n', '== n', '!= n', '>= n', '> n')[j]\n",
- " write(c, font=(None, d//2), align='right')\n",
- " elif j == 0:\n",
- " write(i, font=(None, d//2), align='center')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " result = (0, i<n, i<=n, i==n, i!=n, i>=n, i>n)[j]\n",
- " dot(d if result else d/4)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Une position aléatoire\n",
- "\n",
- "Dans ce chapitre nous allons prendre des décisions basées sur la position `(x, y)` d'un point.\n",
- "Nous avons donc besoin d'un certain nombre de points, pour ensuite prendre des décisions.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>Les variables `w, h` (width, height) représentent largeur et hauteur de la plage rectangulaire des valeurs aléatoires. \n",
- "Modifiez-les vers `280, 180` et exécutez le code de nouveau.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 300, 200\n",
- "d, n = 10, 100\n",
- "up()\n",
- "speed(0)\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(x, y)\n",
- " dot(d)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Exécution conditionnelle\n",
- "\n",
- "La structure `if` ci-dessous permet d'exécuter une action seulement si `condition` est `True`.\n",
- "\n",
- "``` python\n",
- "if condition:\n",
- " action\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "Dans notre exemple nous affichons un point rouge seulement si x est positif (`x > 0`)\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>Ajoutez une deuxième condition `if` pour colorier un point en `lime` si `x < -100`.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 300, 200\n",
- "d, n = 10, 100\n",
- "up()\n",
- "speed(0)\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(x, y)\n",
- " if x > 100:\n",
- " dot(2*d, 'red')\n",
- " dot(d)\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## La structure `if else`\n",
- "\n",
- "La structure `if else` ci-dessous permet d'exécuter une **action_1** seulement si une **condition** est vraie et une **action_2** autrement\n",
- "\n",
- "``` python\n",
- "if condition:\n",
- " action_1\n",
- "else:\n",
- " action_2\n",
- "```\n",
- "\n",
- "Dans l'exemple ci-dessous la condition de test est `y > 0`. \n",
- "Si cette condition est vraie, le point est colorié en rouge, autrement en bleu.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 300, 200\n",
- "d, n = 20, 300\n",
- "up()\n",
- "speed(0)\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(x, y)\n",
- " if y > 0:\n",
- " dot(d, 'red')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## L'opération `and`\n",
- "\n",
- "L'opération logique `and` permet de connecter deux conditions.\n",
- "Les deux conditions doivent être vraies pour que l'expression soit vraie.\n",
- "\n",
- "Pour accélérer le dessin, nous désactivons l'animation avec `tracer(0)`.\n",
- "Pour afficher le résultat, nous devons alors appeler la fonction `update()` à la fin.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points aient une couleur différente dans chaque quadrant.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 280, 180\n",
- "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
- "tracer(0)\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(x, y)\n",
- " if x > 0 and y > 0:\n",
- " dot(d, 'red')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "update()\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Région en diagonale\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points aient 4 couleurs, divisées par les 2 diagonales.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 280, 180\n",
- "d, n = 10, 1000\n",
- "tracer(0)\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(x, y)\n",
- " if x > y:\n",
- " dot(d, 'red')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "update()\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Dans un cercle\n",
- "\n",
- "Un cercle est défi par une distance donnée d'un point. \n",
- "Le cercle autour de l'origine avec un rayon r est donné par la formule\n",
- "\n",
- "$ x^2 + y^2 = r^2 $\n",
- "\n",
- "Cette formule nous permet de décider si un point aléatoire est à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur d'un cercle.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 280, 180\n",
- "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
- "tracer(0)\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(x, y)\n",
- " if (x**2 + y**2) > 150**2 :\n",
- " dot(d, 'red')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "update()\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "La fonction `in_circle(p, q, r)` vérifie si le point `p` se trouve\n",
- "à l'intérieur d'un cercle de rayon `r` qui se trouve à la position `q`.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>Ajoutez un deuxième cercle avec un rayon r=100, colorié en rouge, qui se trouve à la position (100, -50).\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 280, 180\n",
- "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
- "tracer(0)\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "def in_circle(p, q, r):\n",
- " d = (p[0]-q[0])**2 + (p[1]-q[1])**2\n",
- " return d < r**2\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " if in_circle(p, (-100, 50), 80):\n",
- " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "update()\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Diagramme de Venne\n",
- "\n",
- "Avec les 3 opérateurs logiques:\n",
- "\n",
- "- `and`\n",
- "- `or`\n",
- "- `not` \n",
- "\n",
- "nous pouvons trouver des expressions pour trouver les points qui se trouvent dans l'intersection (`and`) ou dans l'union (`or`) de deux cercles.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points appartenant à l'intersection des deux cercles soient dessinés en jaune.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 280, 180\n",
- "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
- "tracer(0)\n",
- "up()\n",
- "r, q, q2 = 120, (-60, 0), (60, 0)\n",
- "\n",
- "def in_circle(p, q, r):\n",
- " d = (p[0]-q[0])**2 + (p[1]-q[1])**2\n",
- " return d < r**2\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " if in_circle(p, q, r) and not in_circle(p, q2, r):\n",
- " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
- " elif in_circle(p, q2, r):\n",
- " dot(d, 'red')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "update()\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## Dans un rectangle\n",
- "\n",
- "Dans des programmes interactifs, on doit souvent déterminer si un clic de la souris (x, y) a eu lieu à l'intérieur d'un bouton, qui est normalement une région rectangulaire.\n",
- "\n",
- "Pour tester si la valeur $x$ se trouve dans l'intervalle $[x_0, x_1]$ nous devons faire deux comparaisons.\n",
- "\n",
- "Python permet de remplacer `(x0 < x) and (x < x1)` par l'expression plus compacte `x0 < x < x1`.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "x0, x1 = 5, 10\n",
- "x = 8\n",
- "\n",
- "if x0 < x < x1:\n",
- " print(x, \"est entre\", x0, 'et', x1)\n",
- "else:\n",
- " print(x, \"n'est entre\", x0, 'et', x1)\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "La fonction `in_rect(p, x0, x1, y0, y1)` détermine si la position du point `p` est à l'intérieur du rectangle indiqué par les coordonnées `x0, x1, y0, y1`.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>Ajoutez un deuxième rectangle ou les points ont une autre couleur.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 280, 180\n",
- "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
- "tracer(0)\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "def in_rect(p, x0, x1, y0, y1):\n",
- " return x0 < p[0] < x1 and y0 < p[1] < y1\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " if in_rect(p, 50, 220, -50, 100):\n",
- " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "\n",
- "update()\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "## À gauche d'une droite\n",
- "\n",
- "La fonction `is_left(p, q, q2)` est vraie si le point `p` se trouve à gauche de la droite définie par les deux points (q, q2).\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 280, 180\n",
- "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
- "tracer(0)\n",
- "up()\n",
- "q, q2 = (-160, -100), (60, 0)\n",
- "\n",
- "def is_left(p, q, q2):\n",
- " return (p[0]-q[0])*(q2[1]-q[1]) - (p[1]-q[1])*(q2[0]-q[0]) < 0\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " if is_left(p, q, q2):\n",
- " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "\n",
- "for p in (q, q2):\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " dot(3*d, 'red')\n",
- "\n",
- "update()\n",
- "\n",
- "done()\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "La fonction `in_poly(p, poly)` est vraie si le point `p` se trouve à l'intérieur d'un polygone convexe dont les points sont dans l'ordre du sens de l'horloge.\n",
- "\n"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "execution_count": null,
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [],
- "source": [
- "from turtle import *\n",
- "from random import *\n",
- "\n",
- "w, h = 280, 180\n",
- "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
- "tracer(0)\n",
- "up()\n",
- "\n",
- "poly = ((-160, -100), (100, 100), (60, -100))\n",
- "\n",
- "def is_left(p, q, q2):\n",
- " return (p[0]-q[0])*(q2[1]-q[1]) - (p[1]-q[1])*(q2[0]-q[0]) < 0\n",
- "\n",
- "def in_poly(p, poly):\n",
- " n = len(poly)\n",
- " for i in range(n):\n",
- " q = poly[i]\n",
- " q2 = poly[(i+1)%n]\n",
- " if is_left(p, q, q2):\n",
- " return False\n",
- " return True\n",
- "\n",
- "for i in range(n):\n",
- " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " if in_poly(p, poly):\n",
- " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
- " else:\n",
- " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
- "\n",
- "for p in poly:\n",
- " goto(p)\n",
- " dot(3*d, 'red')\n",
- "\n",
- "update()\n",
- "\n",
- "done()"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "---\n",
- "\n",
- "#### Remarque générale\n",
- "\n",
- "Ce document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n",
- "\n",
- "\n",
- " "
- ]
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 3
- },
- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
- "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
- "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
- "version": "3.10.12"
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<div style=\"padding:20px;background-color:papayawhip;\" > \n",
+ "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate\"> <i class=\"fa fa-info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Remarque introductive <i class=\"fa fa-info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></h3> \n",
+ "<p> Ce fichier est fait pour être lu sur le site <a href=\"https://notebook.basthon.fr/\"><img src='https://notebook.basthon.fr/assets/efede5218c9087496f16.png' style=\"border: 0; display:inline; margin: 0 5px; height:30px\" alt=\"Basthon\"/></a>. <br>\n",
+ " \n",
+ "Si vous l'avez ouvert avec un autre programme, comme Jupyter notebook, vous riquez de rencontrer quelques bugs. <br>\n",
+ "Veuillez cliquez sur <a href=\"https://notebook.basthon.fr/\">ce lien</a> et y charger ce fichier à l'aide du bouton \"Ouvrir\" <i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i>\n",
+ "</p> </div> "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Décider - `if`\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Dans ce chapitre, nous allons voir comment un programme peut faire des choix, et comment il peut exécuter du code de façon sélective. Nous allons voir que :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- le mot-clé `if` permet une exécution conditionnelle,\n",
+ "- le mot-clé `if-else` permet de choisir entre deux alternatives,\n",
+ "- le mot-clé `elif` (else if) permet d'ajouter différentes conditions.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n",
+ " \n",
+ "```\n",
+ "En Python, `if` est suivi\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A) d'un bloc\n",
+ "B) d'une condition\n",
+ "C) de parenthèses\n",
+ "D) d'un deux-points\n",
+ "```"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ma réponse : "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<details>\n",
+ "<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \n",
+ "Réponse\n",
+ "</summary> \n",
+ "\n",
+ "<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">B) d'une condition\n",
+ "</div>\n",
+ "</details>\n",
+ " \n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Comparer\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Un programme doit parfois comparer deux valeurs.\n",
+ "Python connait six types de comparaisons :\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- plus petit (`<`),\n",
+ "- plus petit ou égal (`<=`),\n",
+ "- égal (`==`),\n",
+ "- différent (`!=`),\n",
+ "- plus grand (`>`),\n",
+ "- plus grand ou égal (`>=`).\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Dans des formules mathématiques nous utilisons les symboles ≤, ≥ et ≠. En Python vous devez utiliser deux symboles: `<=`, `>=` et `!=` à la place.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Ajoutez des exemples avec les autres 5 comparateurs.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "x = 3\n",
+ "(x < 2) = False\n"
+ ]
}
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "x = 3\n",
+ "print('x =', x)\n",
+ "print('(x < 2) =', x < 2)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n",
+ " \n",
+ "```\n",
+ "L'expression `x == 2`\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A) met la valeur 2 dans la variable x\n",
+ "B) compare deux valeurs\n",
+ "C) affecte la variable x avec une valeur\n",
+ "D) retourne True ou False\n",
+ "```"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "raw",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Ma réponse : "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<details>\n",
+ "<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \n",
+ "Réponse\n",
+ "</summary> \n",
+ "\n",
+ "<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">D) retourne True ou False\n",
+ "</div>\n",
+ "</details>\n",
+ " \n",
+ "```{caution}\n",
+ "!! Il ne faut pas confondre l'opérateur d'affectation (`x = 2`) avec l'opérateur de comparaison (`x == 2`) !!\n",
+ "```\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Le résultat d'une comparaison est une valeur booléenne, soit `True` soit `False`.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>Que se passe-t-il si vous échangez les deux éléments dans `x == 2` ? \n",
+ "Et si vous échangez les deux éléments dans `x = 2` ?\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "x = 2 # affectation\n",
+ "x == 2 # comparaison\n",
+ "print(x)\n",
+ "print(x == 2)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### Êtes-vous majeur ?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Basé sur votre âge, le programme exécute soit le premier bloc (`if`) soit le deuxième bloc (`else`). Il affiche si vous êtes majeur ou pas.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "age = input('Entrez votre âge: ')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if int(age) < 18:\n",
+ " print('accès interdit - vous êtes mineur')\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print('accès OK - vous êtes majeur')\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "### Le signe d'un nombre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Le mot-clé `elif` est une contraction de **else if** et permet de continuer à tester d'autres conditions.\n",
+ "Trouvez le signe d'un nombre.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "n = input('Entrez un nombre: ')\n",
+ "n = int(n)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if n > 0:\n",
+ " print('positif')\n",
+ "elif n < 0:\n",
+ " print('négatif')\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print('zéro')\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Sans le mot-clé `elif` nous devrions mettre le bloc `if` à l'intérieur du bloc `else` en indentation.\n",
+ "Avec multiples conditions, les blocs se décalent de plus en plus et rendent le programme illisible.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Testez le programme avec -2, 0, 3.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "n = input('Entrez un nombre: ')\n",
+ "n = int(n)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if n > 0:\n",
+ " print('positif')\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " if n < 0:\n",
+ " print('négatif')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " print('zéro')\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Visualiser la comparaison\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Dans l'exemple suivant, nous visualisons le résultat des 6 comparateurs en affichant graphiquement le résultat des 6 comparaisons du type `i < n`. \n",
+ "\n",
+ "- La variable `i` va de -9 à 9\n",
+ "- La variable `n` est marquée en rouge\n",
+ "- Le résultat `True ` est exprimé avec un grand point, `False` avec un petit\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Que fait l'expression `'red' if i == n else 'black'` ?\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Elle renvoie `'red'` si `i == n` et `'black'` autrement.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Modifiez la variable `n` et exécutez le code de nouveau.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "d = 20 # dimension de base\n",
+ "n = 2 # valeur de comparaison\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for j in range(7):\n",
+ " for i in range(-10, 10):\n",
+ " goto(i*d, 100-j*d)\n",
+ " color('red' if i == n else 'black')\n",
+ " if i == -10:\n",
+ " c = ('i', '< n', '<= n', '== n', '!= n', '>= n', '> n')[j]\n",
+ " write(c, font=(None, d//2), align='right')\n",
+ " elif j == 0:\n",
+ " write(i, font=(None, d//2), align='center')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " result = (0, i<n, i<=n, i==n, i!=n, i>=n, i>n)[j]\n",
+ " dot(d if result else d/4)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Une position aléatoire\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Dans ce chapitre nous allons prendre des décisions basées sur la position `(x, y)` d'un point.\n",
+ "Nous avons donc besoin d'un certain nombre de points, pour ensuite prendre des décisions.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>Les variables `w, h` (width, height) représentent largeur et hauteur de la plage rectangulaire des valeurs aléatoires. \n",
+ "Modifiez-les vers `280, 180` et exécutez le code de nouveau.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 300, 200\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 100\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "speed(0)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(x, y)\n",
+ " dot(d)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Exécution conditionnelle\n",
+ "\n",
+ "La structure `if` ci-dessous permet d'exécuter une action seulement si `condition` est `True`.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "``` python\n",
+ "if condition:\n",
+ " action\n",
+ "```\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Dans notre exemple nous affichons un point rouge seulement si x est positif (`x > 0`)\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>Ajoutez une deuxième condition `if` pour colorier un point en `lime` si `x < -100`.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 300, 200\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 100\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "speed(0)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(x, y)\n",
+ " if x > 100:\n",
+ " dot(2*d, 'red')\n",
+ " dot(d)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## La structure `if else`\n",
+ "\n",
+ "La structure `if else` ci-dessous permet d'exécuter une **action_1** seulement si une **condition** est vraie et une **action_2** autrement\n",
+ "\n",
+ "``` python\n",
+ "if condition:\n",
+ " action_1\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " action_2\n",
+ "```\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Dans l'exemple ci-dessous la condition de test est `y > 0`. \n",
+ "Si cette condition est vraie, le point est colorié en rouge, autrement en bleu.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 300, 200\n",
+ "d, n = 20, 300\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "speed(0)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(x, y)\n",
+ " if y > 0:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'red')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## L'opération `and`\n",
+ "\n",
+ "L'opération logique `and` permet de connecter deux conditions.\n",
+ "Les deux conditions doivent être vraies pour que l'expression soit vraie.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pour accélérer le dessin, nous désactivons l'animation avec `tracer(0)`.\n",
+ "Pour afficher le résultat, nous devons alors appeler la fonction `update()` à la fin.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points aient une couleur différente dans chaque quadrant.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 280, 180\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
+ "tracer(0)\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(x, y)\n",
+ " if x > 0 and y > 0:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'red')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "update()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Région en diagonale\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points aient 4 couleurs, divisées par les 2 diagonales.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 280, 180\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 1000\n",
+ "tracer(0)\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(x, y)\n",
+ " if x > y:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'red')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "update()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Dans un cercle\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Un cercle est défi par une distance donnée d'un point. \n",
+ "Le cercle autour de l'origine avec un rayon r est donné par la formule\n",
+ "\n",
+ "$ x^2 + y^2 = r^2 $\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Cette formule nous permet de décider si un point aléatoire est à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur d'un cercle.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 280, 180\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
+ "tracer(0)\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(x, y)\n",
+ " if (x**2 + y**2) > 150**2 :\n",
+ " dot(d, 'red')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "update()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "La fonction `in_circle(p, q, r)` vérifie si le point `p` se trouve\n",
+ "à l'intérieur d'un cercle de rayon `r` qui se trouve à la position `q`.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>Ajoutez un deuxième cercle avec un rayon r=100, colorié en rouge, qui se trouve à la position (100, -50).\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 280, 180\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
+ "tracer(0)\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def in_circle(p, q, r):\n",
+ " d = (p[0]-q[0])**2 + (p[1]-q[1])**2\n",
+ " return d < r**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " if in_circle(p, (-100, 50), 80):\n",
+ " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "update()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Diagramme de Venne\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Avec les 3 opérateurs logiques:\n",
+ "\n",
+ "- `and`\n",
+ "- `or`\n",
+ "- `not` \n",
+ "\n",
+ "nous pouvons trouver des expressions pour trouver les points qui se trouvent dans l'intersection (`and`) ou dans l'union (`or`) de deux cercles.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points appartenant à l'intersection des deux cercles soient dessinés en jaune.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 280, 180\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
+ "tracer(0)\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "r, q, q2 = 120, (-60, 0), (60, 0)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def in_circle(p, q, r):\n",
+ " d = (p[0]-q[0])**2 + (p[1]-q[1])**2\n",
+ " return d < r**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " if in_circle(p, q, r) and not in_circle(p, q2, r):\n",
+ " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
+ " elif in_circle(p, q2, r):\n",
+ " dot(d, 'red')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "update()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Dans un rectangle\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Dans des programmes interactifs, on doit souvent déterminer si un clic de la souris (x, y) a eu lieu à l'intérieur d'un bouton, qui est normalement une région rectangulaire.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Pour tester si la valeur $x$ se trouve dans l'intervalle $[x_0, x_1]$ nous devons faire deux comparaisons.\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Python permet de remplacer `(x0 < x) and (x < x1)` par l'expression plus compacte `x0 < x < x1`.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "x0, x1 = 5, 10\n",
+ "x = 8\n",
+ "\n",
+ "if x0 < x < x1:\n",
+ " print(x, \"est entre\", x0, 'et', x1)\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print(x, \"n'est entre\", x0, 'et', x1)\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "La fonction `in_rect(p, x0, x1, y0, y1)` détermine si la position du point `p` est à l'intérieur du rectangle indiqué par les coordonnées `x0, x1, y0, y1`.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>Ajoutez un deuxième rectangle ou les points ont une autre couleur.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 280, 180\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
+ "tracer(0)\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def in_rect(p, x0, x1, y0, y1):\n",
+ " return x0 < p[0] < x1 and y0 < p[1] < y1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " if in_rect(p, 50, 220, -50, 100):\n",
+ " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "update()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## À gauche d'une droite\n",
+ "\n",
+ "La fonction `is_left(p, q, q2)` est vraie si le point `p` se trouve à gauche de la droite définie par les deux points (q, q2).\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 280, 180\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
+ "tracer(0)\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "q, q2 = (-160, -100), (60, 0)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def is_left(p, q, q2):\n",
+ " return (p[0]-q[0])*(q2[1]-q[1]) - (p[1]-q[1])*(q2[0]-q[0]) < 0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " if is_left(p, q, q2):\n",
+ " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for p in (q, q2):\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " dot(3*d, 'red')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "update()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "La fonction `in_poly(p, poly)` est vraie si le point `p` se trouve à l'intérieur d'un polygone convexe dont les points sont dans l'ordre du sens de l'horloge.\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [],
+ "source": [
+ "from turtle import *\n",
+ "from random import *\n",
+ "\n",
+ "w, h = 280, 180\n",
+ "d, n = 10, 2000\n",
+ "tracer(0)\n",
+ "up()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "poly = ((-160, -100), (100, 100), (60, -100))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def is_left(p, q, q2):\n",
+ " return (p[0]-q[0])*(q2[1]-q[1]) - (p[1]-q[1])*(q2[0]-q[0]) < 0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "def in_poly(p, poly):\n",
+ " n = len(poly)\n",
+ " for i in range(n):\n",
+ " q = poly[i]\n",
+ " q2 = poly[(i+1)%n]\n",
+ " if is_left(p, q, q2):\n",
+ " return False\n",
+ " return True\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for i in range(n):\n",
+ " p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " if in_poly(p, poly):\n",
+ " dot(d, 'lime')\n",
+ " else:\n",
+ " dot(d, 'blue')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "for p in poly:\n",
+ " goto(p)\n",
+ " dot(3*d, 'red')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "update()\n",
+ "\n",
+ "done()"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "---\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#### Remarque générale\n",
+ "\n",
+ "Ce document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ " "
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python3"
},
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 4
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 3
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+ "version": "3.10.12"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/Exo_supp.ipynb b/Notebooks/Exo_supp.ipynb
index f92edb45e87c6ac4b225c5ea5c0952843a8c7aa9..f5d64fd5642b486953958085f712e9a13ff7c165 100644
--- a/Notebooks/Exo_supp.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/Exo_supp.ipynb
@@ -1,113 +1,113 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Paquebot\n\nUne boucle `for` est utilisée dans l'exemple suivant pour dessiner les hublots d'un paquebot. Les hublots sont numérotés en utilisant la variable `i`.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCréez une fonction `paquebot()` et dessinez-en un deuxième.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\nup()\nleft(125)\nforward(40)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n dot(20, 'lightgray')\n write(i, font=('Arial', 20, 'normal'))\n forward(30)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 1,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "display_data",
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- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12</h3>\n\nAvec des rails de chemin de fer, dessinez un circuit en forme d'un rond (deux rails avec les traverses).\n\n\nUtilisez une boucle `for` pour la répétition des traverses.\n"
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n# Prénom Nom, classe\n\ndef traverse():\n ...\n\nforward(200)\n\ndone()",
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- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12</h3>\n\nTriangle de sierpinski\n\n"
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle(l):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(l)\n left(120)\n\n\n\nx = 50\nfor _ in range(3):\n triangle(x)\n forward(x)\n right(120)\n\ndone()",
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- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# A corriger !!!\n\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef triangle(l):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(l)\n left(120)\n\ndef sierpinski(l, n):\n if n ==0:\n triangle(l)\n else:\n for _ in range(3):\n sierpinski(l/3, n-1)\n forward(l/3)\n right(120) \n\nspeed(10)\nsierpinski(200, 1)\n\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": 7,
- "outputs": [
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+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### Paquebot\n\nUne boucle `for` est utilisée dans l'exemple suivant pour dessiner les hublots d'un paquebot. Les hublots sont numérotés en utilisant la variable `i`.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>\n\nCréez une fonction `paquebot()` et dessinez-en un deuxième.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nforward(200)\nleft(80)\nforward(60)\nleft(100)\nforward(220)\nleft(100)\nforward(60)\n\nup()\nleft(125)\nforward(40)\nright(45)\n\nfor i in range(6):\n dot(20, 'lightgray')\n write(i, font=('Arial', 20, 'normal'))\n forward(30)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
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- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 : Pingpong</h3>\n\nLa fonction `pingpong()` reprend le dessin de la leçon 1 et ajoute trois paramètres\n\n"
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+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12</h3>\n\nAvec des rails de chemin de fer, dessinez un circuit en forme d'un rond (deux rails avec les traverses).\n\n\nUtilisez une boucle `for` pour la répétition des traverses.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n# Prénom Nom, classe\n\ndef traverse():\n ...\n\nforward(200)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 12</h3>\n\nTriangle de sierpinski\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle(l):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(l)\n left(120)\n\n\n\nx = 50\nfor _ in range(3):\n triangle(x)\n forward(x)\n right(120)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "outputs": [
{
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef pingpong(d, c, c2):\n down()\n left(90)\n color(c) # poignée\n width(d/8)\n forward(d/2)\n color(c2) # plaque\n width(d/2)\n forward(d/10)\n up() # retourner au point de départ\n backward(6/10*d)\n right(90)\n\npingpong(200, 'brown', 'red')\nforward(100)\npingpong(150, 'brown', 'blue')\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
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+ "metadata": {}
}
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "name": "python3",
- "display_name": "Python 3",
- "language": "python"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# A corriger !!!\n\nfrom turtle import *\n\ndef triangle(l):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(l)\n left(120)\n\ndef sierpinski(l, n):\n if n ==0:\n triangle(l)\n else:\n for _ in range(3):\n sierpinski(l/3, n-1)\n forward(l/3)\n right(120) \n\nspeed(10)\nsierpinski(200, 1)\n\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "outputs": [
+ {
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+ },
+ "metadata": {}
}
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 13 : Pingpong</h3>\n\nLa fonction `pingpong()` reprend le dessin de la leçon 1 et ajoute trois paramètres\n\n"
},
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef pingpong(d, c, c2):\n down()\n left(90)\n color(c) # poignée\n width(d/8)\n forward(d/2)\n color(c2) # plaque\n width(d/2)\n forward(d/10)\n up() # retourner au point de départ\n backward(6/10*d)\n right(90)\n\npingpong(200, 'brown', 'red')\nforward(100)\npingpong(150, 'brown', 'blue')\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "name": "python3",
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/format_ipynb.sh b/Notebooks/format_ipynb.sh
index 47a2c4176f02770f8c39926ba2bfca1edb442336..1929bff397d43a2917c8dbce6d6bebb5d623952d 100755
--- a/Notebooks/format_ipynb.sh
+++ b/Notebooks/format_ipynb.sh
@@ -1 +1 @@
-for file in *.ipynb; do jq . "$file" > tmp && mv tmp "$file"; done
+for file in *.ipynb; do jq --indent 1 . "$file" > tmp && mv tmp "$file"; done
diff --git a/Notebooks/revision_S1.ipynb b/Notebooks/revision_S1.ipynb
index ef776d79adb02092fdf8220ff6b94ec0d508ce17..0bab45cef93df9d07d5c7557aa174cc1a6775436 100644
--- a/Notebooks/revision_S1.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/revision_S1.ipynb
@@ -1,130 +1,130 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>\n\n\n# Exercices de révision pour l'évaluation"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 0 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche `Dans une images codé en 24 bit il y a 2**24 couleurs` où à la place de `2**24` il y a le résultat du calcul (c'est-à-dire le résultat de $2^{24}$) . "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant:"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72)\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "2. Réécrire le programme en définissant et en utilisant une fonction nommée `étoile`. Le programme doit produire la même figure\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef # a compléter \n\n# a compléter \ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nReprendre votre programme dessinant un carré et un triangle (leçon 3 : les fonctions simples) et réaliser le programme qui dessine 5 fois le carré et le triangle comme sur la figure ci-dessous. Le code ne devrait pas dépasser 20 lignes.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef # a compléter \n\ndef # a compléter \n\n# a compléter \ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nOn souhaite représenter la figure ci-dessous, mais le programme proposé ne donne pas la bonne exécution. \n- Quelle figure produit le code proposé (faire un croquis)?\n- Réécrire le code de sorte à obtenir la figure attendue.\nPrendre garde à la position finale de la tortue. Le point indique l’origine du repère.\n\n**Programme proposé**\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(50)\n left(120)\n forward(-50)\n right(120)\n\ndone()\n```\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(50)\n left(120)\n forward(-50)\n right(120)\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nÉcrire un programme qui permet de produire le résultat ci-dessous dans la console à l’aide de trois boucles for imbriquées. On prendra garde à respecter les sauts de ligne. \n\n```\nmatin\nmidi soir soir soir \nmidi soir soir soir \n\nmatin\nmidi soir soir soir \nmidi soir soir soir \n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "# à compléter...",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nEn vous inspirant du programme ci-dessous\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(90)\n goto(0,0)\ndone()\n\n```\nécrire un programme qui dessine la figure suivante, une fleur de pissenlit très simplifiée. \n\n\n\nLe point indique l’origine du repère. La tige a une longueur de 150, les branches ont une longueur de 50 et la longueur des “graines” est de 10.\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(90)\n goto(0,0)\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nÉcrire un programme qui définit et utilise des fonctions afin de dessiner la figure suivante:\n\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "name": "python3",
- "display_name": "Python 3",
- "language": "python"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \nAttention: **veillez à bien sauvegarder votre travail** dans le bon dossier du disque réseau (dossier document) avec le bon nom (et l'extension *.ipynb*), **sinon toutes les modifications seront perdues!**\n\nPour reprendre votre travail, il suffit d'ouvrir le fichier .ipynb en cliquant sur *Fichier ouvrir*\n</div>\n\n\n# Exercices de révision pour l'évaluation"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 0 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche `Dans une images codé en 24 bit il y a 2**24 couleurs` où à la place de `2**24` il y a le résultat du calcul (c'est-à-dire le résultat de $2^{24}$) . "
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant:"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72)\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "2. Réécrire le programme en définissant et en utilisant une fonction nommée `étoile`. Le programme doit produire la même figure\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef # a compléter \n\n# a compléter \ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nReprendre votre programme dessinant un carré et un triangle (leçon 3 : les fonctions simples) et réaliser le programme qui dessine 5 fois le carré et le triangle comme sur la figure ci-dessous. Le code ne devrait pas dépasser 20 lignes.\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef # a compléter \n\ndef # a compléter \n\n# a compléter \ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nOn souhaite représenter la figure ci-dessous, mais le programme proposé ne donne pas la bonne exécution. \n- Quelle figure produit le code proposé (faire un croquis)?\n- Réécrire le code de sorte à obtenir la figure attendue.\nPrendre garde à la position finale de la tortue. Le point indique l’origine du repère.\n\n**Programme proposé**\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(50)\n left(120)\n forward(-50)\n right(120)\n\ndone()\n```\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(50)\n left(120)\n forward(-50)\n right(120)\n\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nÉcrire un programme qui permet de produire le résultat ci-dessous dans la console à l’aide de trois boucles for imbriquées. On prendra garde à respecter les sauts de ligne. \n\n```\nmatin\nmidi soir soir soir \nmidi soir soir soir \n\nmatin\nmidi soir soir soir \nmidi soir soir soir \n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "# à compléter...",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nEn vous inspirant du programme ci-dessous\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(90)\n goto(0,0)\ndone()\n\n```\nécrire un programme qui dessine la figure suivante, une fleur de pissenlit très simplifiée. \n\n\n\nLe point indique l’origine du repère. La tige a une longueur de 150, les branches ont une longueur de 50 et la longueur des “graines” est de 10.\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(90)\n goto(0,0)\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nÉcrire un programme qui définit et utilise des fonctions afin de dessiner la figure suivante:\n\n\n"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": false
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "name": "python3",
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/revision_S1_corrige.ipynb b/Notebooks/revision_S1_corrige.ipynb
index fa0a1ecd1597b61e5341415ab6a9800aa4467670..520692ea2170c89d6e6a5d913b8b68233153ea62 100644
--- a/Notebooks/revision_S1_corrige.ipynb
+++ b/Notebooks/revision_S1_corrige.ipynb
@@ -1,148 +1,148 @@
{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### A faire avant de commençer\n**Cliquez sur Exécuter tout** dans le menu **Cellule**.\n</div>\n\n\n# Solutions des exercices de révision pour l'évaluation\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 0 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche `Dans une images codé en 24 bit il y a 2**24 couleurs` où à la place de `2**24` il y a le résultat du calcul (c'est-à-dire le résultat de $2^{24}$) . \n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "print(\"Dans une images codé en 24 bit il y a \" ,2**24, \" couleurs\")",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant:"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72)\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "2. Réécrire le programme en définissant et en utilisant une fonction nommée `étoile`. Le programme doit produire la même figure\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef etoile():\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72)\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n etoile()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nReprendre votre programme dessinant un carré et un triangle (leçon 3 : les fonctions simples) et réaliser le programme qui dessine 5 fois le carré et le triangle comme sur la figure ci-dessous. Le code ne devrait pas dépasser 20 lignes.\n\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle():\n for _ in range(3):\n left(120)\n forward(30)\n \ndef carre():\n for _ in range(4):\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n\nup()\nbackward(200)\ndown()\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n carre()\n penup()\n forward(40)\n pendown()\n triangle()\n penup()\n forward(40)\n pendown()\n \ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nOn souhaite représenter la figure ci-dessous, mais le programme proposé ne donne pas la bonne exécution. \n- Quelle figure produit le code proposé (faire un croquis)?\n- Réécrire le code de sorte à obtenir la figure attendue.\nPrendre garde à la position finale de la tortue. Le point indique l’origine du repère.\n\n**Programme proposé**\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(50)\n left(120)\n forward(-50)\n right(120)\n\ndone()\n```\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(50)\n right(120)\n forward(50)\n left(120)\n\n \ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nÉcrire un programme qui permet de produire le résultat ci-dessous dans la console à l’aide de trois boucles for imbriquées. On prendra garde à respecter les sauts de ligne. \n\n```\nmatin\nmidi soir soir soir \nmidi soir soir soir \n\nmatin\nmidi soir soir soir \nmidi soir soir soir \n```\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "for _ in range(2):\n print(\"matin\")\n for _ in range(2):\n print(\"midi\", end=\" \")\n for _ in range(3):\n print(\"soir\", end=\" \")\n print()\n print()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nEn vous inspirant du programme ci-dessous\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(90)\n goto(0,0)\ndone()\n\n```\nécrire un programme qui dessine la figure suivante, une fleur de pissenlit très simplifiée. \n\n\n\nLe point indique l’origine du repère. La tige a une longueur de 150, les branches ont une longueur de 50 et la longueur des “graines” est de 10.\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nbackward(180)\nforward(200)\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72)\n backward(100)\n right(72)\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### ou avec un fonction `etoile`"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef etoile():\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72) \n\nleft(90)\nbackward(180)\nforward(200)\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n forward(100)\n etoile()\n backward(100)\n right(72)\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nÉcrire un programme qui définit et utilise des fonctions afin de dessiner la figure suivante:\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef carre():\n for _ in range(4):\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n\ndef carre_quadruple():\n for _ in range(4):\n carre()\n left(90)\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n carre_quadruple()\n penup()\n forward(60)\n pendown()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "name": "python3",
- "display_name": "Python 3",
- "language": "python"
- }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 2
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<div class = \"alert alert-danger\"> \n \n# Cours avec solution\n</div>\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### A faire avant de commençer\n**Cliquez sur Exécuter tout** dans le menu **Cellule**.\n</div>\n\n\n# Solutions des exercices de révision pour l'évaluation\n\n<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 0 </h3>\n\nEcrire un programme qui affiche `Dans une images codé en 24 bit il y a 2**24 couleurs` où à la place de `2**24` il y a le résultat du calcul (c'est-à-dire le résultat de $2^{24}$) . \n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "print(\"Dans une images codé en 24 bit il y a \" ,2**24, \" couleurs\")",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>\n\n1. Testez le programme suivant:"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72)\ndone()",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "2. Réécrire le programme en définissant et en utilisant une fonction nommée `étoile`. Le programme doit produire la même figure\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef etoile():\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72)\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n etoile()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>\n\nReprendre votre programme dessinant un carré et un triangle (leçon 3 : les fonctions simples) et réaliser le programme qui dessine 5 fois le carré et le triangle comme sur la figure ci-dessous. Le code ne devrait pas dépasser 20 lignes.\n\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef triangle():\n for _ in range(3):\n left(120)\n forward(30)\n \ndef carre():\n for _ in range(4):\n left(90)\n forward(30)\n\nup()\nbackward(200)\ndown()\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n carre()\n penup()\n forward(40)\n pendown()\n triangle()\n penup()\n forward(40)\n pendown()\n \ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>\n\nOn souhaite représenter la figure ci-dessous, mais le programme proposé ne donne pas la bonne exécution. \n- Quelle figure produit le code proposé (faire un croquis)?\n- Réécrire le code de sorte à obtenir la figure attendue.\nPrendre garde à la position finale de la tortue. Le point indique l’origine du repère.\n\n**Programme proposé**\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(50)\n left(120)\n forward(-50)\n right(120)\n\ndone()\n```\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n for _ in range(3):\n forward(50)\n right(120)\n forward(50)\n left(120)\n\n \ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>\n\nÉcrire un programme qui permet de produire le résultat ci-dessous dans la console à l’aide de trois boucles for imbriquées. On prendra garde à respecter les sauts de ligne. \n\n```\nmatin\nmidi soir soir soir \nmidi soir soir soir \n\nmatin\nmidi soir soir soir \nmidi soir soir soir \n```\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "for _ in range(2):\n print(\"matin\")\n for _ in range(2):\n print(\"midi\", end=\" \")\n for _ in range(3):\n print(\"soir\", end=\" \")\n print()\n print()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>\n\nEn vous inspirant du programme ci-dessous\n\n```Python\nfrom turtle import *\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n right(120)\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(4):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(90)\n goto(0,0)\ndone()\n\n```\nécrire un programme qui dessine la figure suivante, une fleur de pissenlit très simplifiée. \n\n\n\nLe point indique l’origine du repère. La tige a une longueur de 150, les branches ont une longueur de 50 et la longueur des “graines” est de 10.\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\nleft(90)\nbackward(180)\nforward(200)\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n forward(100)\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72)\n backward(100)\n right(72)\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "### ou avec un fonction `etoile`"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef etoile():\n for _ in range(5):\n forward(10)\n backward(10)\n left(72) \n\nleft(90)\nbackward(180)\nforward(200)\n\nfor _ in range(5):\n forward(100)\n etoile()\n backward(100)\n right(72)\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {},
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>\n\nÉcrire un programme qui définit et utilise des fonctions afin de dessiner la figure suivante:\n\n\n<div class = \"alert alert-block alert-warning\"> \n\n### Solution\n</div>"
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "from turtle import *\n\ndef carre():\n for _ in range(4):\n left(90)\n forward(20)\n\ndef carre_quadruple():\n for _ in range(4):\n carre()\n left(90)\n\nfor _ in range(3):\n carre_quadruple()\n penup()\n forward(60)\n pendown()\n\ndone()\n",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ },
+ {
+ "metadata": {
+ "trusted": true
+ },
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "source": "",
+ "execution_count": null,
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "name": "python3",
+ "display_name": "Python 3",
+ "language": "python"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
}
diff --git a/Notebooks/test.ipynb b/Notebooks/test.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index d3762aaa5dc5642408d7151458a36d96a9c5cd4b..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/Notebooks/test.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,378 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<div style=\"padding:20px;background-color:papayawhip;\" > \n<h3 style=\"color:chocolate\"> <i class=\"fa fa-info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Remarque introductive <i class=\"fa fa-info\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></h3> \n<p> Ce fichier est fait pour être lu sur le site <a href=\"https://notebook.basthon.fr/\"><img src='https://notebook.basthon.fr/assets/efede5218c9087496f16.png' style=\"border: 0; display:inline; margin: 0 5px; height:30px\" alt=\"Basthon\"/></a>. <br>\n \nSi vous l'avez ouvert avec un autre programme, comme Jupyter notebook, vous riquez de rencontrer quelques bugs. <br>\nVeuillez cliquez sur <a href=\"https://notebook.basthon.fr/\">ce lien</a> et y charger ce fichier à l'aide du bouton \"Ouvrir\" <i class=\"fa fa-folder\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i>\n</p> </div> "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "# Décider - `if`\n\nDans ce chapitre, nous allons voir comment un programme peut faire des choix, et comment il peut exécuter du code de façon sélective. Nous allons voir que :\n\n- le mot-clé `if` permet une exécution conditionnelle,\n- le mot-clé `if-else` permet de choisir entre deux alternatives,\n- le mot-clé `elif` (else if) permet d'ajouter différentes conditions.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nEn Python, `if` est suivi\n\nA) d'un bloc\nB) d'une condition\nC) de parenthèses\nD) d'un deux-points\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ma réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">B) d'une condition\n</div>\n</details>\n \n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Comparer\n\nUn programme doit parfois comparer deux valeurs.\nPython connait six types de comparaisons :\n\n- plus petit (`<`),\n- plus petit ou égal (`<=`),\n- égal (`==`),\n- différent (`!=`),\n- plus grand (`>`),\n- plus grand ou égal (`>=`).\n\nDans des formules mathématiques nous utilisons les symboles ≤, ≥ et ≠. En Python vous devez utiliser deux symboles: `<=`, `>=` et `!=` à la place.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 1 </h3>Ajoutez des exemples avec les autres 5 comparateurs.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": true
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "x = 3\nprint('x =', x)\nprint('(x < 2) =', x < 2)\n",
- "execution_count": 2,
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "text": "x = 3\n(x < 2) = False\n",
- "name": "stdout"
- }
- ]
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:chocolate;background-color:papayawhip;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-question\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Quizz </h3> \n \n```\nL'expression `x == 2`\n\nA) met la valeur 2 dans la variable x\nB) compare deux valeurs\nC) affecte la variable x avec une valeur\nD) retourne True ou False\n```"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "raw",
- "source": "Ma réponse : "
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<details>\n<summary style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; width:100%; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #dff0d8\"> \nRéponse\n</summary> \n\n<div style=\"border-left:3px solid #3c763d; border-radius:2pt; color:#3c763d; padding:6px; background-color: #eff0e8\">D) retourne True ou False\n</div>\n</details>\n \n```{caution}\n!! Il ne faut pas confondre l'opérateur d'affectation (`x = 2`) avec l'opérateur de comparaison (`x == 2`) !!\n```\n\nLe résultat d'une comparaison est une valeur booléenne, soit `True` soit `False`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 2 </h3>Que se passe-t-il si vous échangez les deux éléments dans `x == 2` ? \nEt si vous échangez les deux éléments dans `x = 2` ?\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "x = 2 # affectation\nx == 2 # comparaison\nprint(x)\nprint(x == 2)\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Êtes-vous majeur ?\n\nBasé sur votre âge, le programme exécute soit le premier bloc (`if`) soit le deuxième bloc (`else`). Il affiche si vous êtes majeur ou pas.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "age = input('Entrez votre âge: ')\n\nif int(age) < 18:\n print('accès interdit - vous êtes mineur')\nelse:\n print('accès OK - vous êtes majeur')\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "### Le signe d'un nombre\n\nLe mot-clé `elif` est une contraction de **else if** et permet de continuer à tester d'autres conditions.\nTrouvez le signe d'un nombre.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "n = input('Entrez un nombre: ')\nn = int(n)\n\nif n > 0:\n print('positif')\nelif n < 0:\n print('négatif')\nelse:\n print('zéro')\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "Sans le mot-clé `elif` nous devrions mettre le bloc `if` à l'intérieur du bloc `else` en indentation.\nAvec multiples conditions, les blocs se décalent de plus en plus et rendent le programme illisible.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 3 </h3>Testez le programme avec -2, 0, 3.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "n = input('Entrez un nombre: ')\nn = int(n)\n\nif n > 0:\n print('positif')\nelse:\n if n < 0:\n print('négatif')\n else:\n print('zéro')\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Visualiser la comparaison\n\nDans l'exemple suivant, nous visualisons le résultat des 6 comparateurs en affichant graphiquement le résultat des 6 comparaisons du type `i < n`. \n\n- La variable `i` va de -9 à 9\n- La variable `n` est marquée en rouge\n- Le résultat `True ` est exprimé avec un grand point, `False` avec un petit\n\nQue fait l'expression `'red' if i == n else 'black'` ?\n\nElle renvoie `'red'` si `i == n` et `'black'` autrement.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 4 </h3>Modifiez la variable `n` et exécutez le code de nouveau.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nd = 20 # dimension de base\nn = 2 # valeur de comparaison\nup()\n\nfor j in range(7):\n for i in range(-10, 10):\n goto(i*d, 100-j*d)\n color('red' if i == n else 'black')\n if i == -10:\n c = ('i', '< n', '<= n', '== n', '!= n', '>= n', '> n')[j]\n write(c, font=(None, d//2), align='right')\n elif j == 0:\n write(i, font=(None, d//2), align='center')\n else:\n result = (0, i<n, i<=n, i==n, i!=n, i>=n, i>n)[j]\n dot(d if result else d/4)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Une position aléatoire\n\nDans ce chapitre nous allons prendre des décisions basées sur la position `(x, y)` d'un point.\nNous avons donc besoin d'un certain nombre de points, pour ensuite prendre des décisions.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 5 </h3>Les variables `w, h` (width, height) représentent largeur et hauteur de la plage rectangulaire des valeurs aléatoires. \nModifiez-les vers `280, 180` et exécutez le code de nouveau.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 300, 200\nd, n = 10, 100\nup()\nspeed(0)\n\nfor i in range(n):\n x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(x, y)\n dot(d)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Exécution conditionnelle\n\nLa structure `if` ci-dessous permet d'exécuter une action seulement si `condition` est `True`.\n\n``` python\nif condition:\n action\n```\n\nDans notre exemple nous affichons un point rouge seulement si x est positif (`x > 0`)\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 6 </h3>Ajoutez une deuxième condition `if` pour colorier un point en `lime` si `x < -100`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 300, 200\nd, n = 10, 100\nup()\nspeed(0)\n\nfor i in range(n):\n x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(x, y)\n if x > 100:\n dot(2*d, 'red')\n dot(d)\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## La structure `if else`\n\nLa structure `if else` ci-dessous permet d'exécuter une **action_1** seulement si une **condition** est vraie et une **action_2** autrement\n\n``` python\nif condition:\n action_1\nelse:\n action_2\n```\n\nDans l'exemple ci-dessous la condition de test est `y > 0`. \nSi cette condition est vraie, le point est colorié en rouge, autrement en bleu.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 300, 200\nd, n = 20, 300\nup()\nspeed(0)\n\nfor i in range(n):\n x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(x, y)\n if y > 0:\n dot(d, 'red')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## L'opération `and`\n\nL'opération logique `and` permet de connecter deux conditions.\nLes deux conditions doivent être vraies pour que l'expression soit vraie.\n\nPour accélérer le dessin, nous désactivons l'animation avec `tracer(0)`.\nPour afficher le résultat, nous devons alors appeler la fonction `update()` à la fin.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 7 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points aient une couleur différente dans chaque quadrant.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 280, 180\nd, n = 10, 2000\ntracer(0)\nup()\n\nfor i in range(n):\n x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(x, y)\n if x > 0 and y > 0:\n dot(d, 'red')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\nupdate()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Région en diagonale\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 8 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points aient 4 couleurs, divisées par les 2 diagonales.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 280, 180\nd, n = 10, 1000\ntracer(0)\nup()\n\nfor i in range(n):\n x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(x, y)\n if x > y:\n dot(d, 'red')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\nupdate()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Dans un cercle\n\nUn cercle est défi par une distance donnée d'un point. \nLe cercle autour de l'origine avec un rayon r est donné par la formule\n\n$ x^2 + y^2 = r^2 $\n\nCette formule nous permet de décider si un point aléatoire est à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur d'un cercle.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 280, 180\nd, n = 10, 2000\ntracer(0)\nup()\n\nfor i in range(n):\n x, y = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(x, y)\n if (x**2 + y**2) > 150**2 :\n dot(d, 'red')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\nupdate()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "La fonction `in_circle(p, q, r)` vérifie si le point `p` se trouve\nà l'intérieur d'un cercle de rayon `r` qui se trouve à la position `q`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 9 </h3>Ajoutez un deuxième cercle avec un rayon r=100, colorié en rouge, qui se trouve à la position (100, -50).\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 280, 180\nd, n = 10, 2000\ntracer(0)\nup()\n\ndef in_circle(p, q, r):\n d = (p[0]-q[0])**2 + (p[1]-q[1])**2\n return d < r**2\n\nfor i in range(n):\n p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(p)\n if in_circle(p, (-100, 50), 80):\n dot(d, 'lime')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\nupdate()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Diagramme de Venne\n\nAvec les 3 opérateurs logiques:\n\n- `and`\n- `or`\n- `not` \n\nnous pouvons trouver des expressions pour trouver les points qui se trouvent dans l'intersection (`and`) ou dans l'union (`or`) de deux cercles.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 10 </h3>Modifiez le code pour que les points appartenant à l'intersection des deux cercles soient dessinés en jaune.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 280, 180\nd, n = 10, 2000\ntracer(0)\nup()\nr, q, q2 = 120, (-60, 0), (60, 0)\n\ndef in_circle(p, q, r):\n d = (p[0]-q[0])**2 + (p[1]-q[1])**2\n return d < r**2\n\nfor i in range(n):\n p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(p)\n if in_circle(p, q, r) and not in_circle(p, q2, r):\n dot(d, 'lime')\n elif in_circle(p, q2, r):\n dot(d, 'red')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\nupdate()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## Dans un rectangle\n\nDans des programmes interactifs, on doit souvent déterminer si un clic de la souris (x, y) a eu lieu à l'intérieur d'un bouton, qui est normalement une région rectangulaire.\n\nPour tester si la valeur $x$ se trouve dans l'intervalle $[x_0, x_1]$ nous devons faire deux comparaisons.\n\nPython permet de remplacer `(x0 < x) and (x < x1)` par l'expression plus compacte `x0 < x < x1`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "x0, x1 = 5, 10\nx = 8\n\nif x0 < x < x1:\n print(x, \"est entre\", x0, 'et', x1)\nelse:\n print(x, \"n'est entre\", x0, 'et', x1)\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "La fonction `in_rect(p, x0, x1, y0, y1)` détermine si la position du point `p` est à l'intérieur du rectangle indiqué par les coordonnées `x0, x1, y0, y1`.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "<h3 style=\"color:teal;background-color:azure;\" > <i class=\"fa fa-pencil\" aria-hidden=\"true\"> </i> Exercice 11 </h3>Ajoutez un deuxième rectangle ou les points ont une autre couleur.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 280, 180\nd, n = 10, 2000\ntracer(0)\nup()\n\ndef in_rect(p, x0, x1, y0, y1):\n return x0 < p[0] < x1 and y0 < p[1] < y1\n\nfor i in range(n):\n p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(p)\n if in_rect(p, 50, 220, -50, 100):\n dot(d, 'lime')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\n\nupdate()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "## À gauche d'une droite\n\nLa fonction `is_left(p, q, q2)` est vraie si le point `p` se trouve à gauche de la droite définie par les deux points (q, q2).\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 280, 180\nd, n = 10, 2000\ntracer(0)\nup()\nq, q2 = (-160, -100), (60, 0)\n\ndef is_left(p, q, q2):\n return (p[0]-q[0])*(q2[1]-q[1]) - (p[1]-q[1])*(q2[0]-q[0]) < 0\n\nfor i in range(n):\n p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(p)\n if is_left(p, q, q2):\n dot(d, 'lime')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\n\nfor p in (q, q2):\n goto(p)\n dot(3*d, 'red')\n\nupdate()\n\ndone()\n",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "La fonction `in_poly(p, poly)` est vraie si le point `p` se trouve à l'intérieur d'un polygone convexe dont les points sont dans l'ordre du sens de l'horloge.\n\n"
- },
- {
- "metadata": {
- "trusted": false
- },
- "cell_type": "code",
- "source": "from turtle import *\nfrom random import *\n\nw, h = 280, 180\nd, n = 10, 2000\ntracer(0)\nup()\n\npoly = ((-160, -100), (100, 100), (60, -100))\n\ndef is_left(p, q, q2):\n return (p[0]-q[0])*(q2[1]-q[1]) - (p[1]-q[1])*(q2[0]-q[0]) < 0\n\ndef in_poly(p, poly):\n n = len(poly)\n for i in range(n):\n q = poly[i]\n q2 = poly[(i+1)%n]\n if is_left(p, q, q2):\n return False\n return True\n\nfor i in range(n):\n p = randint(-w, w), randint(-h, h)\n goto(p)\n if in_poly(p, poly):\n dot(d, 'lime')\n else:\n dot(d, 'blue')\n\nfor p in poly:\n goto(p)\n dot(3*d, 'red')\n\nupdate()\n\ndone()",
- "execution_count": null,
- "outputs": []
- },
- {
- "metadata": {},
- "cell_type": "markdown",
- "source": "---\n\n#### Remarque générale\n\nCe document est une adaptation d'un ressource pédagogique tiré du catalogue modulo https://modulo-info.ch/. Il est sous license Creative Commons [BY-NC-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=fr)\n\n\n "
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {
- "kernelspec": {
- "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
- "language": "python",
- "name": "python3"
- },
- "language_info": {
- "codemirror_mode": {
- "name": "ipython",
- "version": 3
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- "file_extension": ".py",
- "mimetype": "text/x-python",
- "name": "python",
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