diff --git a/lattice-boltzmann.com/content/2-hermite-expansion.md b/lattice-boltzmann.com/content/2-hermite-expansion.md index 40201e7fdd02c657aa32ca3a7aafefaf21cd851e..19496a21505671142a3e2443afe2951f68b480c1 100644 --- a/lattice-boltzmann.com/content/2-hermite-expansion.md +++ b/lattice-boltzmann.com/content/2-hermite-expansion.md @@ -39,13 +39,81 @@ natural to take the zeroth and first order moments of the BGK equation, and one $$ \begin{align} &\partial_t\rho + \bm{\nabla}\cdot(\rho\bm{u})=0,\\\\ -&\partial_t(\rho\bm{u}) + \bm{\nabla}\cdot\left(\int_{-\infty}^\infty\bm{\xi}\bm{\xi}f\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}\right)=0. +&\partial_t(\rho\bm{u}) + \bm{\nabla}\cdot\left(\int_{-\infty}^\infty\bm{\xi}\bm{\xi}f\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}\right)=0, \end{align} $$ -We must note that the rhs of these equations is zero which is actually not a surprise, since the BGK equation is an approximation of the collision operator which must conserve mass and momentum. +where $\\{\bm{\xi}\bm{\xi}\\}_{ab}=\xi_a\xi_b$. +We must note that the rhs of these equations is zero which is actually not a surprise, since the rhs of BGK equation is an approximation of the collision operator which must conserve mass and momentum. +Equation (4) is the well known mass conservation equation but equation (5) must be reworked +a bit to remind us something similar to the momentum conservation of the +Navier--Stokes equations. To do so we replace $\bm{\xi}$ by $\bm{\xi}-\bm{u}+\bm{u}$ and we get +$$ +\begin{align} +&\partial_t(\rho\bm{u}) + \bm{\nabla}\cdot\left(\int_{-\infty}^\infty(\bm{\xi}-\bm{u}+\bm{u})(\bm{\xi}-\bm{u}+\bm{u})f\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}\right)=0,\nonumber\\\\ +&\partial_t(\rho\bm{u}) + \bm{\nabla}\cdot(\rho\bm{u}\bm{u}) + \bm{\nabla}\cdot \bm{P}=0,\\\\ +\end{align} +$$ +where $\bm{P}$ is the stress tensor +$$ +\begin{equation} +\bm{P}=\int_{-\infty}^\infty (\bm{\xi}-\bm{u})(\bm{\xi}-\bm{u})f\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi} +\end{equation} +$$ +which is the second order moment of $f$ in the co-moving frame. +In the Navier--Stokes framework, for a Newtonian fluid, the stress tensor is is given by +$$ +\begin{equation} +\bm{P}=\bm{I}p-\frac{2}{\mathrm{Re}}\bm{S}, +\end{equation} +$$ +where $\bm{I}$ is the identity matrix, and $\bm{S}$ is the strain rate tensor defined by +$$ +\begin{equation} +\bm{S}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\bm{\nabla}\bm{u}+(\bm{\nabla}\bm{u})^T\right), +\end{equation} +$$ +the superscript $T$ standing for the transposition operation. +In the Boltzmann BGK framework we still need to derive a closure for $\bm{P}$. +## Chapmann--Enskog expansion +In order to obtain the constitutive equation for $\bm{P}$ in the BGK framework, we will perform the Chapmann--Enskog expansion +where we assume $f$ is given by a perturbation around the equilibrium +$$ +\begin{equation} +f=f^{eq}+\mathrm{Kn}f^{neq}, +\end{equation} +$$ +with $\mathrm{Kn}\ll 1$. With this assumption, equation (6) becomes +$$ +\begin{equation} +\partial_t(\rho\bm{u}) + \bm{\nabla}\cdot(\rho\bm{u}\bm{u}) + \bm{\nabla}\cdot \left(\bm{P}^{eq}+\mathrm{Kn}\bm{P}^{neq}\right)=0, +\end{equation} +$$ +with +$$ +\begin{align} +\bm{P}^{eq}&=\int_{-\infty}^\infty (\bm{\xi}-\bm{u})(\bm{\xi}-\bm{u})f^{eq}\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}=\rho\theta\bm{I},\\\\ +\bm{P}^{neq}&=\int_{-\infty}^\infty (\bm{\xi}-\bm{u})(\bm{\xi}-\bm{u})f^{neq}\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}=\int_{-\infty}^\infty \bm{\xi}\bm{\xi}f^{neq}\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}, +\end{align} +$$ +where equation (12) is the perfect gaz law, and where we still need to find an explicit expression for $\bm{P}^{neq}$. +In the second equality of equation (13), we used the mass and momentum conservation laws that imply that the zeroth and +first order moments of $f^{neq}$ are null since (see equations (4)-(5)) +$$ +\begin{align} +&0=\int_{-\infty}^\infty (f - f^{eq})\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}=\mathrm{Kn}\int_{-\infty}^\infty f^{neq}\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi},\\\\ +&0=\int_{-\infty}^\infty \bm{\xi}(f - f^{eq})\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}=\mathrm{Kn}\int_{-\infty}^\infty \bm{\xi}f^{neq}\mathrm{d}\bm{\xi}. +\end{align} +$$ +In order to find a closure relation for $\bm{P}^{neq}$, +we will replace the Chapmann--Enskog expansion in the BGK equation, keep only the lower order terms, and we obtain +$$ +\begin{equation} +\partial_t f^{eq}+\bm{\xi}\cdot \bm{\nabla}f^{eq} = -f^{neq}. +\end{equation} +$$